Stavovi građana Republike Hrvatske o pitanjima morala. Konzervativni ili liberalni?

This article is based on the results of the third wave of the European Values Study conducted in Croatia in 2017 and 2018, on a sample of 1488 respondents, and a partial comparison with the results of the EVS research from 1999 and 2008. The article analyses attitudes towards some moral questions from the sphere of individual and social morality, and the correlation between those attitudes and religiosity, trust, political orientation (left-right), national identity and consumption of/trust in the (traditional) media and social networks, alongside the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents as an independent variable. On the basis of the results obtained in the study, we have concluded that religious people are less permissive, particularly in the field of personal morality, and in the field of soft drugs and sexuality, in terms of their attitudes to morality, than non-religious people, they have trust in institutions, they are politically more »right wing«, and they have a stronger national identity than those with a European identity. Furthermore, younger respondents, better educated male respondents, residents of larger towns and cities, residents of Istria and Primorje County, show greater permissiveness in their attitudes towards morality. We have concluded that morality in Croatia is relatively stable, with a slight shift towards permissiveness, and Croatian society is quite homogeneous in terms of its significant value foundations.Rad se temelji na rezultatima trećeg vala Europskog istraživanja vrijednosti (European Values Study) provedenoga u Hrvatskoj tijekom 2017. i 2018. godine na uzorku od 1488 ispitanika, te njihovoj djelomičnoj usporedbi s rezultatima istraživanja EVS iz 1999. i 2008. godine. U radu se analiziraju stavovi prema nekim moralnim pitanjima iz sfere individualnog i socijalnog morala te povezanost tih stavova s religioznošću, povjerenjem, političkom orijentacijom (»lijevo-desno«), nacionalnim identitetom te konzumacijom/povjerenjem u (tradicionalne) medije i društvene mreže, uz sociodemografska obilježja ispitanika kao nezavisnom varijablom. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata u radu se zaključuje kako su – osobito na području individualnog morala, te na području lakih droga i spolnosti – religiozni ljudi u pogledu stavova o moralu manje permisivni od nereligioznih, oni su ti koji imaju povjerenje u institucije, politički su »desniji«, oni su ljudi s jačim nacionalnim identitetom od onih s europskim. Također mlađi, obrazovaniji muškarci, oni iz većih gradova i naselja te iz Istre i Primorja, pokazuju veću permisivnost u stavovima o moralu. Zaključuje se i kako je moral u Hrvatskoj relativno stabilan, uz blagi pomak prema permisivnosti, a hrvatsko društvo u bitnim vrijednosnim polazištima poprilično homogeno

Kliničke i epizootske značajke mastitisa krava uzrokovanih bakterijom Staphylococcus aureus s osvrtom na meticilin-rezistentne sojeve

Mastitis represents one of the most important problems in modern dairy production from the economic, diagnostic and public-health related point of view. Economic significance of the mastitis is related to the decreased milk production, lower quality of the milk, veterinary expenses and withdrawing of the milk due to the antibiotic treatment. Detection of mastitis is often complicated due to the subclinical nature of the mammary infection in which the increase of the somatic cells is only sign of the infection. Public health importance rises from the possibility of the transmission of zoonoses as well as due to the residue of the antibiotics secreted by milk. Staphylococcus aureus is the most commonly isolated udder pathogen around the world. Since it is contagious, critical time for spreading among the cows in a herd is the milking time. Observed prevalence of S. aureus mammary gland infection varies from 2% to 50% even above and depends on the milking hygiene. Clinical manifestations of the S. aureus mastitis may vary from mild cases with elevated somatic cells only to the gangrenous cases with lethal exit. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci as mastitis pathogens were first identified in the 1972. During the last decade methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was identified as a mastitis pathogen in few occasions in Belgium, Poland, Hungary and Germany. Spreading of the MRSA between animals and humans is documented. Although the prevalence of mammary gland infection caused by MRSA is low, there is thread of spreading of the MRSA among herds by animal trade. Spreading within the herd is enabled with large number of possible contacts between cows by milkers and milking equipment.U suvremenom mliječnom govedarstvu mastitis je jedan od najvažnijih problema u ekonomskom, dijagnostičkom i javnozdravstvenom smislu. Ekonomsko značenje mastitisa ogleda se u smanjenoj proizvodnji mlijeka, lošijoj kakvoći, troškovima liječenja i bacanju mlijeka. Otkrivanje mastitisa često je otežano zbog supkliničke naravi procesa, pri čemu je povećanje broja somatskih stanica jedini znak upale. Mlijekom se mogu prenositi i uzročnici bolesti ljudi, a opasnost za ljudsko zdravlje predstavljaju i rezidue antibiotika i lijekova koji se izlučuju mlijekom. Bakterija S. aureus najčešći je uzročnik mastitisa krava kod nas i u svijetu. Uzročnik je svrstan u skupinu kontagioznih uzročnika koji se u stadu širi uglavnom za vrijeme mužnje. Prevalencija infekcije uzrokovane tom bakterijom kreće se od 2 do više od 50% i u izravnoj je vezi s razinom higijene pri mužnji. Kliničko očitovanje u širokom je rasponu od sasvim blagih, s povećanim brojem somatskih stanica kao jedinim pokazateljem infekcije, do gangrenoznih oblika sa smrtnim ishodom. Jednom inficirana životinja može izlučivati uzročnika tijekom više laktacija ako infekcija prijeđe u kronični oblik, pri čemu povremeno mogu nastupiti i kliničke epizode praćene lokalnim znacima upale. Meticilin-rezistentni stafilokoki kao uzročnici mastitisa krava prvi su put potvrđeni 1972. godine. U stadima mliječnih krava potvrđeni su tijekom nekoliko posljednjih godina u više navrata u Belgiji, Poljskoj, Mađarskoj i Njemačkoj, a dokazan je i slučaj prijenosa na ljude. Premda se radi o niskoj prevalenciji među stadima, postoji bojazan da bi se trgovinom životinjama mogao proširiti. Širenje unutar stada omogućeno je velikim brojem kontakata između krava preko muzača i opreme za mužnju

Antimikrobna osjetljivost bakterija Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus suis i Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae izdvojenih iz dijagnostičkih uzoraka iz velikih svinjogojskih farmi u Hrvatskoj

The disk diffusion method was employed to assess the sensitivity of 256 Escherichia (E.) coli, 42 Salmonella spp. and 62 Streptococcus (S.) suis isolates to 13 antimicrobials, and of 108 Pasteurella (P.) multocida and 44 Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae isolates to 14 antimicrobials. All study isolates were obtained from diagnostic material collected at 8 large pig breeding farms in Croatia. E. coli isolates showed the highest rate of resistance to oxytetracycline, streptomycin and ampicillin (98%, 91% and 85% of isolates, respectively), whereas 87% of the isolates were resistant to 4 or more antimicrobials. Salmonella spp. isolates were most sensitive to enrofloxacin and colistin (all isolates), whereas highest rate of resistance was recorded to oxytetracycline and streptomycin (86% and 67% of isolates, respectively). More than 90% of P. multocida isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, colistin, florfenicol and enrofloxacin, whereas the highest rate of resistance was observed to streptomycin and nalidixic acid (59% and 43%, respectively). S. suis isolates were most sensitive to cefotaxime and florfenicol (94% of isolates both), whereas the highest resistance was recorded to streptomycin (100%). All A. pleuropneumoniae isolates showed sensitivity to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, florfenicol and enrofloxacin, and more than 90% of these isolates were sensitive to penicillin G, ampicillin, colistin, gentamicin and spectinomycin, whereas the highest rate of resistance was recorded to nalidixic acid and streptomycin (59% and 36%, respectively). Sensitivity to all antimicrobials tested was recorded in 27% of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates, whereas 41% of these isolates were resistant to one, and 27% to 2-4 of the antimicrobials tested. Of the bacterial species included in the study, the highest rate of antimicrobial resistance included in the study, the highest rate of antimicrobial resistance was recorded in E. coli, and lowest rate in A. pleuropneumoniae isolates.Disk difuzijskom metodom istražena je osjetljivost 256 izolata Escherichia (E.) coli, 42 izolata Salmonella spp. i 62 izolata Streptococcus (S.) suis na 13 antimikrobnih lijekova, te 108 izolata Pasteurella (P.) multocida, i 44 izolata Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae na 14 antimikrobnih lijekova. Svi su izolati bili izdvojeni iz dijagnostičkoga materijala s 8 velikih svinjogojskih farmi u Hrvatskoj. U E. coli najveći stupanj rezistencije utvrđen je na oksitetraciklin (98% izolata), streptomicin (91% izolata) i ampicilin (85% izolata), te je 87% izolata bilo rezistentno na 4 i više antimikrobnih lijekova. Izolati Salmonella spp. bili su najosjetljiviji na enrofloksacin i kolistin (svi izolati), a najveći postotak otpornosti utvrđen je na oksiteraciklin (86%) i streptomicin (67%). Više od 90% izolata P. multocida bilo je osjetljivo na ampicilin, amoksicilin s klavulanskom kiselinom, cefotaksim, kolistin, florfenikol i enrofloksacin. Najveća rezistencija bakterije P. multocida utvrđena je na streptomicin (59%) i nalidiksičnu kiselinu (43%). Izolati vrste Streptococcus suis bili su najosjeljiviji na cefotaksim i florfenikol (94% osjetljivih izolata), a najveća rezistencija utvrđena je na streptomicin (100%). Svi testirani testirani izolati vrste A. pleuropneumoniae bili su osjetljivi amoksicilin s klavulanskom kiselinom, cefotaksim, florfenikol i enrofloksacin, a više od 90% izolata bilo je osjetljivo na penicilin G, ampicilin, kolistin, gentamicin i spektinomicin. Najveća rezistencija utvrđena je na nalidiksičnu kiselinu (59%) i streptomicin (36%). Na sve testirane antimikrobne lijekove bilo je osjetljivo 27% izolata A. pleuropneumoniae, a 41% izolata bilo je rezistentno na jedan testirani antimikrobni lijek, dok je 27% izolata bilo otporno na 2 do 4 antimikrobna lijeka. Od testiranih bakterijskih vrsta najveći stupanj rezistencije imali su izolati E. coli, dok su izolati A. pleuropneumoniae imali najmanji stupanj rezistencije

Antimikrobna osjetljivost bakterija Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus suis i Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae izdvojenih iz dijagnostičkih uzoraka iz velikih svinjogojskih farmi u Hrvatskoj

The disk diffusion method was employed to assess the sensitivity of 256 Escherichia (E.) coli, 42 Salmonella spp. and 62 Streptococcus (S.) suis isolates to 13 antimicrobials, and of 108 Pasteurella (P.) multocida and 44 Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae isolates to 14 antimicrobials. All study isolates were obtained from diagnostic material collected at 8 large pig breeding farms in Croatia. E. coli isolates showed the highest rate of resistance to oxytetracycline, streptomycin and ampicillin (98%, 91% and 85% of isolates, respectively), whereas 87% of the isolates were resistant to 4 or more antimicrobials. Salmonella spp. isolates were most sensitive to enrofloxacin and colistin (all isolates), whereas highest rate of resistance was recorded to oxytetracycline and streptomycin (86% and 67% of isolates, respectively). More than 90% of P. multocida isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, colistin, florfenicol and enrofloxacin, whereas the highest rate of resistance was observed to streptomycin and nalidixic acid (59% and 43%, respectively). S. suis isolates were most sensitive to cefotaxime and florfenicol (94% of isolates both), whereas the highest resistance was recorded to streptomycin (100%). All A. pleuropneumoniae isolates showed sensitivity to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, florfenicol and enrofloxacin, and more than 90% of these isolates were sensitive to penicillin G, ampicillin, colistin, gentamicin and spectinomycin, whereas the highest rate of resistance was recorded to nalidixic acid and streptomycin (59% and 36%, respectively). Sensitivity to all antimicrobials tested was recorded in 27% of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates, whereas 41% of these isolates were resistant to one, and 27% to 2-4 of the antimicrobials tested. Of the bacterial species included in the study, the highest rate of antimicrobial resistance included in the study, the highest rate of antimicrobial resistance was recorded in E. coli, and lowest rate in A. pleuropneumoniae isolates.Disk difuzijskom metodom istražena je osjetljivost 256 izolata Escherichia (E.) coli, 42 izolata Salmonella spp. i 62 izolata Streptococcus (S.) suis na 13 antimikrobnih lijekova, te 108 izolata Pasteurella (P.) multocida, i 44 izolata Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae na 14 antimikrobnih lijekova. Svi su izolati bili izdvojeni iz dijagnostičkoga materijala s 8 velikih svinjogojskih farmi u Hrvatskoj. U E. coli najveći stupanj rezistencije utvrđen je na oksitetraciklin (98% izolata), streptomicin (91% izolata) i ampicilin (85% izolata), te je 87% izolata bilo rezistentno na 4 i više antimikrobnih lijekova. Izolati Salmonella spp. bili su najosjetljiviji na enrofloksacin i kolistin (svi izolati), a najveći postotak otpornosti utvrđen je na oksiteraciklin (86%) i streptomicin (67%). Više od 90% izolata P. multocida bilo je osjetljivo na ampicilin, amoksicilin s klavulanskom kiselinom, cefotaksim, kolistin, florfenikol i enrofloksacin. Najveća rezistencija bakterije P. multocida utvrđena je na streptomicin (59%) i nalidiksičnu kiselinu (43%). Izolati vrste Streptococcus suis bili su najosjeljiviji na cefotaksim i florfenikol (94% osjetljivih izolata), a najveća rezistencija utvrđena je na streptomicin (100%). Svi testirani testirani izolati vrste A. pleuropneumoniae bili su osjetljivi amoksicilin s klavulanskom kiselinom, cefotaksim, florfenikol i enrofloksacin, a više od 90% izolata bilo je osjetljivo na penicilin G, ampicilin, kolistin, gentamicin i spektinomicin. Najveća rezistencija utvrđena je na nalidiksičnu kiselinu (59%) i streptomicin (36%). Na sve testirane antimikrobne lijekove bilo je osjetljivo 27% izolata A. pleuropneumoniae, a 41% izolata bilo je rezistentno na jedan testirani antimikrobni lijek, dok je 27% izolata bilo otporno na 2 do 4 antimikrobna lijeka. Od testiranih bakterijskih vrsta najveći stupanj rezistencije imali su izolati E. coli, dok su izolati A. pleuropneumoniae imali najmanji stupanj rezistencije

Antiseptic efficacy of chlorhexidine and povidone iodine rinsing lingual mucous membrane in dogs

Problemi u usnoj šupljini pasa koji se trebaju kirurški tretirati su mnogobrojni. Poštivanje pravila i procedura dobre antisepse osobito je važno ako se uzme u obzir činjenica da u usnoj šupljini psa ima veliki broj bakterija koje čine sluznicu usta zagađenijom nego površinu kože. Zbog toga je jako važno odabrati antiseptik koji će biti doista učinkovit i koji će u velikom postotku smanjiti broj patogenih mikroorganizama, čime bi se smanjila učestalost postoperacijskih komplikacija, osobito postoperacijskih infekcija. Cilj našeg ispitivanja bio je istražiti osnovnu aerobnu bakterijsku mikrofloru u ustima pasa i istražiti antiseptičku učinkovitost 0,4% klorheksidin glukonata i 1% povidon-joda na sluznici jezika u pasa. U ispitivanje su bila uključena 45 pasa, podijeljena u tri skupine. Skupina KG je tretirana s 0,4% klorheksidin glukonatom, skupina PJ s 1% povidon-jodom i kontrolna skupina FO s 0,9% fiziološkom otopinom. Brisevi su uzimani s dorzalne strane jezika, prije i nakon tretmana s antisepticima ili s fiziološkom otopinom za kontrolnu skupinu. Broj bakterija smo određivali semikvantitativnom metodom, a identifikacija izraslih bakterijskih kolonija je vršena nakon precjepljivanja pojedinačnih kolonija na krvne agare. Od ukupno 90 uzetih briseva izolirali smo i identificirali 29 vrsta aerobnih bakterija. U pogledu antiseptičke učinkovitosti, i klorheksidin glukonat i povidon-jod su pokazali statistički značajnu redukciju rasta bakterijskih kolonija u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike između ova dva antiseptika u pogledu njihove učinkovitosti na redukciju rasta bakterijskih kolonija, a broj pozitivnih briseva koje smo dobili nakon ispiranja i s klorheksidin glukonatom i s povidon-jodom bio je identičan. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je dvominutno ispiranje sluznice jezika s 0,4% klorheksidin glukonatom ili s 1% povidon-jodom preporučljivo za pripremu usta za kiruršku intervenciju.Oral disease in dogs occurs as frequently as in humans. There are many different oral diseases in dogs requiring surgical treatment. The hypothesis of this study was that the antiseptics chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone iodine inhibit bacterial growth and division on the surface of the lingual mucosa. The goal of the study was to examine the basic aerobic bacterial microflora in the mouths of dogs, and to test the antiseptic efficacy of 0.4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) and 1% povidone iodine on the lingual mucous membrane. A total of 45 dogs were included in the study, and divided into three groups. The CG group was treated with 0.4% chlorhexidine gluconate, the PI group was treated with 1% povidone iodine, and the control group S was treated with 0.9% saline. Samples were taken by swabbing the dorsal side of the tongue before and after treatment with the antiseptic or saline solution (n= 90 swabs). The number of bacteria was determined using the semi-quantitative method and identification of grown bacteria was performed following inoculation of separate colonies in blood agar. A total of 29 types of aerobic bacteria were isolated and identified from 90 swabs. In terms of efficacy, both chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone iodine showed a statistically significant reduction of the growth of bacterial colonies compared to the control group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two antiseptics in terms of their efficacy to reduce bacterial colonies, i.e. the same number of positive samples was obtained after rinsing with chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone iodine. It can be concluded that a 2-minute rinse of the lingual mucosa with 0.4% chlorhexidine gluconate or 1% povidone iodine is recommended as preparation of this part of the mouth for surgical intervention

Izdvajanje meticilin-rezistentnih sojeva bakterije Staphylococcus aureus u objektima s rasplodnim svinjama u Hrvatskoj

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have emerged worldwide and have became resistant to a variety of antibiotics. MRSA colonisation in pigs was first reported in the Netherlands at 2005, where pigs were implicated as a source of human MRSA infections. Dust samples were collected from six large pig farms in Croatia from breeding pig facilities. On each farm, between 5 and 6 samples were taken by swabs. Of the total 32 swabs, isolates from 8 swabs from four of the six examined farms grew pink colonies on the MRSA select agar. The mecA gene was detected in all 8 isolates growing pink colonies on the MRSA agar. All isolates are resistant to penicillin, ampicilin, oxacillin, oxitetracycline and streptomycin. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, florfenicol and sulfametoxazole/trimethoprim.Meticilin-rezistentni sojevi bakterije Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) izdvajaju se u cijelom svijetu i otporni su na različite antimikrobne lijekove. Infekcije svinja sojevima MRSA-e prvi su put opisane u Nizozemskoj 2005. s pretpostavkom da su svinje izvor infekcije MRSA-om za ljude. Uzorke prašine prikupljali smo sa šest velikih svinjogojskih farmi u Hrvatskoj iz objekata u kojima su smještene rasplodne životinje. Na svakoj farmi uzeli smo pet ili šest brisova. Od ukupno uzorkovana 32 brisa, iz osam brisova s četiri farme izdvojili smo ružičaste kolonije na MRSA selektivnom agaru. Kod svih izolata koji su rasli na MRSA selektivnom agaru kao ružičaste kolonije izdvojen je gen mecA. Svi izolati bili su otporni na penicilin, ampicilin, oksacilin, oksitetraciklin i streptomicin, a osjetljivi na vankomicin, ciprofloksacin, florfenikol i sulfametoksazol s trimetoprimom

Sumnjivi i pozitivni slučajevi tuberkuloze goveda u Republici Hrvatskoj od 2017. do 2020. godine

During regular implementation of the bovine tuberculosis-free cattle herd certification programme in the period from 2017 to 2020, the Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases of Croatian veterinary institute Zagreb, Croatia tested material from 161 cattle from 27 holdings in 11 counties. The material was submitted following findings of pathoanatomical changes detected in the slaughter line suggesting tuberculosis, or after a positive reaction of cows to the tuberculin comparative methods. Species from the M. tuberculosis complex (M. bovis and M. caprae) were isolated from samples of 58 bovines (36%) from 16 holdings in eight counties. M. caprae was confirmed in 55 bovines (34%) originating from 13 holdings in seven counties, and M. bovis in three bovines (2%), each from a different holding in a different county. Saprophytic mycobacteria were isolated from four bovine samples (2.5%) from three holdings in two counties, i.e., M. gordonae (1), M. celatum (1) and two unidentified species (M. sp.). Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that the main causative agent of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Croatia is M. caprae, which confirmed previous findings. Control of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Croatia is still needed and, in the future, should be further suppressed using tuberculinisation, controls on slaughter lines, depopulation of infected herds, and etiological determination of the causative agents.U razdoblju od 2017. do 2020. godine tijekom redovitog provođenja programa certifikacije stada goveda slobodnih od tuberkuloze goveda bakteriološki je u Laboratoriju za bakterijske zoonoze i molekularnu dijagnostiku bakterijskih bolesti Hrvatskog veterinarskog instituta u Zagrebu, Hrvatska bio pretražen materijal 161 goveda iz 27 različitih uzgoja u 11 županija. Materijal je dostavljen nakon nalaza patoanatomskih promjena na liniji klanja koje upućuju na tuberkulozu ili komparativnom metodom nakon pozitivne reakcije goveda na tuberkulin. Vrste iz M. tuberculosis kompleksa (M. bovis i M. caprae) su izdvojene iz materijala 58 goveda (36 %) iz 16 uzgoja u osam županija. M. caprae je ustvrđen u 55 goveda (34 %) podrijetlom iz 13 uzgoja u sedam županija, a M. bovis u tri goveda (2 %) iz dva uzgoja u dvije županije. Saprofitske mikobakterije izdvojene su iz četiri uzorka goveda (2,5 %) dostavljenih iz tri uzgoja (21 %) u dvije županije i to M. gordonae (1), M. celatum (1) i dvije neidentificirane vrste (M. sp.). Na temelju dobivenih rezultata možemo zaključiti da je glavni uzročnik tuberkuloze goveda u Republici Hrvatskoj M. caprae, a koji je bio uzročnik i u prijašnjim istraživanjima. Kontrola tuberkuloze goveda u Republici Hrvatskoj i dalje je potrebna te bi se i u budućnosti trebala suzbijati na temelju tuberkulinizacije, kontrolama na liniji klanja te depopulacijom inficiranih stada i etiološkim dokazom vrste uzročnika

Molekularna epidemiologija infekcije vrstom Mycobacterium tuberculosis u goveda i ljudi - prikaz slučaja.

We describe a case of transmission of Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis infection from a man to cattle. M. tuberculosis was isolated from the bronchial lymph nodes of a heifer that reacted positively to bovine tuberculin but showed no gross pathological changes at slaughter. The cattle owner died of tuberculosis the same year the heifer was diagnosed with M. tuberculosis infection. M. tuberculosis strains isolated from the heifer and its owner were genotyped by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units - variable number tandem repeat (MIRUVNTR) typing, which revealed identical MIRU profiles for both isolates. This is the first described case of M. tuberculosis infection in cattle and the first case of human-to-animal transmission of M. tuberculosis in Croatia.Opisan je slučaj prijenosa zaraze vrstom Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis s čovjeka na govedo. M. tuberculosis je izdvojen iz bronhalnih limfnih čvorova junice koja je pozitivno reagirala na tuberkulin, a prilikom klanja nisu utvrđene patomorfološke promjene karakteristične za tuberkulozu. Iste godine vlasnik goveda je preminuo od posljedica tuberkuloze. Izolati M. tuberculosis iz goveda i čovjeka bili su genotipizirani pomoću metode određivanja promjenjivog broja opetovanih sljedova nukleotida (engl. mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units - variable-number tandem repeat [MIRU-VNTR]) i u oba je slučaja bio utvrđen identičan rezultat genotipizacije. Ovo je prvi opisani slučaj zaraze vrstom M. tuberculosis u goveda i prvi slučaj prijenosa ove bolesti s čovjeka na govedo u Hrvatskoj

Mastitis u krava prouzročen brzorastućim mikobakterijama iz okoliša

Rapid-growth mycobacteria were isolated from two cases of cow mastitis with similar clinical appearance and within a narrow time frame. Mycobacteria were isolated on blood esculine agar. The isolated mycobacteria were Gram stained, Ziehl-Nielsen stained and tested for growth at 25°C, 37°C and 42°C, iron uptake, growth on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) agar with and without 5% NaCl, arylsulphatase (3 days), tween 80 hydrolysis, tellurite reduction, nitrate reductase and niacin synthesis. Molecular identification was performed using the Mycobacteria GenoType CM and AS tests (Hain Diagnostika, Nehren, Germany). One isolate was additionally sequenced for the hsp65, rpoB, 16S rRNA gene sequence and transcribed spacer sequence (ITS) DNA. Susceptibility testing of isolates was performed on the Sensititre Rapmycol plate (TREK Diagnostic Systems Ltd.) for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxasole, linezolid, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, moxifloxacin, cefepime, cefoxitin, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, amikacin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, minocycline, tigecycline, tobramycine and clarythromycine. Gram-positive acid-resistant rods were observed in stained smears. Both strains grew at 25°C, 37°C and 42°C on LJ medium, and on LJ medium containing 5 % NaCl. The conventional biochemical tests for iron uptake, arylsulphatase (3 days), Tween 80 hydrolysis, tellurite reduction and nitrate reductase were positive, while the niacin test was negative. Both isolates were identified by the GenoType Mycobacterium CM as Mycobacterium fortuitum II/ Mycobacterium mageritense, while application of the GenoType Mycobacterium AS kit identified both isolates as belonging to the species Mycobacterium smegmatis. Analysis of the isolate sequences (strain DS) for 16S ribosomal RNA confirmed a 100% identical result with Mycobacterium smegmatis strain INHR2. According to the CLSI criteria, both strains were sensitive to sulfametoxazole/trimethoprim, linezolid, doxicycline, amikacin and tobramycin. The strains differed in their sensitivity to cefoxitim, and both strains were resistant to clarithromycin. There was a strong difference between the isolates in sensitivity toward cefoxitime and tigecycline.Brzo-rastuće bakterije iz roda Mycobacterium izdvojene se iz dva klinički slična slučaja mastitisa krava u relativno kratkom vremenu. Mikobakterije su izdvojene na krvnom agaru s dodatkom eskulina, obojene po Grammu i Ziehl-Nielsenu te im je provjerena sposobnost rasta pri 25 °C, 37 °C i 42 °C, korištenje željeza, sposobnost rasta na Löwenstein-Jensen agaru bez i s dodatkom 5 % NaCl, tvorba arilsulfataze, sposobnost hidrolize tween 80, redukcije telurita i tvorbe nitrat reduktaze i niacina. Molekularna identifikacija izolata provedena je korištenjem testova Mycobacteria GenoType CM i AS. Odsječci gena hsp65, rpoB, 16S rRNK te tzv. (engl. transcribed spacer sequence (ITS)) jednog izolata su sekvencirani. Osjetljivost izolata provjerili smo pomoću SENSITITRE RAPMYCOL ploča (TREK Diagnostic Systems Ltd.) prema trimetoprim/sulfametoksazolu, linezolidu, ciprofloksacinu, imipenemu, moksifloksacinu, cefepimu, cefoksitinu, amoksicilinu s klavulanskom kiselinom, amikacinu, ceftriaksonu, doksiciklinu, minociklinu, tigeciklinu, tobramicinu i klaritromicinu. Gram-pozitivne acido-rezistentne štapićaste bakterije uočili smo u obojenim razmascima. Oba soja rasla su pri temperaturama 25 °C, 37 °C i 42 °C te na podlozi LJ s i bez dodatka 5  % NaCl. U oba soja utvrdili smo sposobnost korištenja željeza, tvorbe arilsulfataze, hidrolize Tween 80, redukcije telurita i tvorbe reduktaze nitrata. Sojevi nisu tvorili niacin. Oba izolata su testom GenoType Mycobacterium CM identificirana kao Mycobacterium fortuitum II/ Mycobacterium mageritense dok su GenoType Mycobacterium AS testom identificirana kao Mycobacterium smegmatis. Sekvencijskom analizom odsječka gena 16S ribosomske RNK soja DS i usporedbom s javno dostupnim izolatima, utvrdili smo potpunu podudarnost sa sojem Mycobacterium smegmatis soj INHR2. Prema CLSI kriterijima, oba izolata su osjetljiva prema sulfametoksazolu s trimetoprimom, linezolidu, doksiciklinu, amikacinu i tobramicinu, a rezistentna prema klaritromicinu. Razlike između sojeva očitovale su se u osjetljivosti prema cefoksitimu i tigeciklinu

Antimicrobial susceptibility and trends in antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from dogs urinary tract infection i Croatia from 2012-2022

Bakterijske su infekcije urinarnog trakta (IUT) u pasa učestale. Porast antimikrobne rezistencije i uporaba kritično-važnih antimikrobnih lijekova, osobito u liječenju IUT pasa, zabrinjavajuća je zbog pojave multiplo rezistentnih bakterijskih sojeva. Cilj je ovog rada bio prikazati prevalenciju i antimikrobnu rezistenciju najčešćih bakterijskih uzročnika IUT pasa i trendove antimikrobne rezistencije izdvojenih bakterijskih sojeva u Republici Hrvatskoj tijekom 11 godina. Od ukupno 2721 pretraženih uzoraka urina, pozitivno je bilo 1363 (50,1 %). Bakterijska vrsta Escherichia coli bila je najčešće izdvojeni mikroorganizam (47,3 %), nakon čega slijede: koagulaza pozitivni Staphylococcus sp. (20,7 %), Proteus sp. (14,7 %), Enterococcus sp. (13,6 %), beta hemolitični Streptococcus sp. (11,7 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4,5 %) i meticilin rezistentni koagulaza pozitivni Staphylococcus sp. (3,4 %). Kod gram-negativnih bakterija uočen je visok stupanj osjetljivosti na: gentamicin, amikacin (77,9 %-97,3 %), marbofloksacin i ciprofloksacin (69,7 %-98,4 %). Kod bakterijskog roda Proteus utvrđen je i visok stupanj osjetljivosti na beta-laktame (70,5 %-86,7 %), a kod Escherichia coli i na kloramfenikol (73,3 %) i trimetoprim/sulfametoksazol (72,7 %). Neznatan postotak koagulaza pozitivnih Staphylococcus sp. bila je osjetljiva na penicilin (10,6 %) i ampicilin (16,7 %), dok je mala osjetljivost zamijećena na streptomicin, neomicin i tetracikline (56,0 %-66,0 %). Najmanji postotak beta hemolitičnih Streptococcus sp. bio je osjetljiv na aminoglikozide, tetracikline (8,2 %-31,9 %) i fluorokinolone (31,5 %-61,6 %). Kod bakterijskih izolata Enterococcus sp. najveća osjetljivost prisutna je na amoksicilin/klavulansku kiselinu (78,0 %) i ampicilin (70,4 %). Amikacin i kloramfenikol, s postotkom osjetljivosti od 89,3 %, odnosno 80,9 %, bili su jedini antimikrobni lijekovi učinkoviti na meticilin rezistentne koagulaza pozitivne Staphylococcus sp. Tijekom 11 godina istraživanja zamijećen je trend porasta antimikrobne rezistencije bakterija Escherichia coli i Proteus sp., izdvojenih iz IUT pasa, na fluorokinolone, ampicilin i amoksicilin/klavulansku kiselinu, dok je kod bakterijske vrste Escherichia coli uočen porast antimikrobne rezistencije i na cefalosporine. Ovi rezultati će pomoći pri empirijskom odabiru antimikrobnih lijekova za terapiju IUT pasa te podizanju svijesti o razumnoj uporabi antimikrobnih lijekova.Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur commonly in dogs. Increase of bacterial resistance and using criticaly–important antimicrobials, especially in UTIs in dogs, concern because of emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial strains. The objectives of this study were to investigate prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of most frequently isolated bacterial isolates causing UTIs in dogs, and to show trends of antimicrobial resistance during 11 year period in Croatia. A total of 2721 dog urine samples were analysed and 1363 were positive for bacterial growth (50.1%). Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism (47.3%), followed by coagulase positive Staphylococcus sp. (20.7%), Proteus sp. (14.7%), Enterococcus sp. (13.6%), beta-hemolitic Streptococcus sp. (11.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4,5%) and meticillin resistent coagulasa pozitive Staphylococcus sp. (3.4%). In Gram-negative bacteria the susceptibility rates were high for gentamicin, amikacin (77.9%-97.3%), marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (69.7%-98.4%). High susceptibility rates in Proteus sp. to beta-lactams (70.5%-86.7%) and in Escherichia coli to chloramphenicol (73.3%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (72,7%) were noticed. In coagulase positive Staphylococcus sp. only few isolates were susceptible to penicilin (10.6%) and ampicillin (16.7%), followed by streptomycin, neomycin and tetracyclines (56.0%-66.0%). In beta-hemolitic Streptococcus sp. the lowest susceptibility rates were found for aminoglycosides, tetracyclines (8.2%-31.9%) and fluoroquinolones (31.5%-61.6%). Enterococcus sp. isolates showed highest susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (78.0%) and ampicillin (70.4%). Amikacin and chloramphenicol, with susceptibility rate of 89.3% and 80.9%, were the only drugs effective against meticillin resistant coagulase positive Staphylococcus sp. Trends during eleven years of investigation period showed increase of resistance in Escherichia coli and Proteus sp. to fluoroquinolones, ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, while in Escherichia coli increase of resistance to cephalosporins was also noticed. These results will help in drug selection for empirical treatment of UTIs in dogs and raising awareness of resonable use of antimicrobials