DISEASE-ASSOCIATED HLA-DR POLYMORPHISM, CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS IN THE NORTHEASTERN REGION OF UKRAINE

The development of multiple sclerosis is the result of complex interactions between environmental factors, genetic factors that determine individual disease susceptibility, and immunological and physiological characteristics of the patient. multiple sclerosis treatment requires obtaining information about the main pathological processes, therefore, the evaluation of biochemical, immunological, and genetic markers of such processes, and not just clinical indicators, can become the basis of improved approaches for diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. Polymorphism of the disease-associated genes is considered as one of the key factors in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, capable of influencing the risk of development, clinical manifestations and nature of the course of the disease, treatment response. The HLA genes polymorphism was found to be the most important and playing an essential role in the development of autoimmune diseases. There are data on the population characteristics of these types of polymorphisms, which require conducting relevant research in Ukraine and its regions to identify relevant genetic markers. The aim of the study was to provide a comparative clinical and immunological characteristic of multiple sclerosis patients in the northeastern region of Ukraine, depending on the presence of the disease-associated HLA-DR polymorphism. Materials and methods. 39 patients with multiple sclerosis, inhabitants of Kharkiv and Kharkiv region, were examined, of which 7 men and 32 women of medium age of 33.7 ± 7.7 and 42.1 ± 11.9 years, respectively; control group was consisted of 27 practically healthy persons of both sexes with an average age of 30.1 ± 8.2 years. Clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis patients included the determining the form and the actual type of the disease, its duration, and disability assessment based on the EDSS scale. The rate of the disease progression was determined as the ratio of the EDSS score to the duration of the disease. Biological material was blood and buccal epithelium samples from multiple sclerosis patients and practically healthy people. In addition to assessing the clinical status of the patients, design of the study also included evaluation of the systemic immunity indicators, levels of nonspecific and antinuclear antibodies in the serum, and analysis of HLA polymorphism, in particular, detection of the HLA-DR15 haplotype for its specific marker SNP rs9271366. Isolation of high molecular DNA was performed on a magnetically sensitive sorbent using the NeoPrep100 DNA Magnet kit (NeoGene, Ukraine). SNP polymorphism rs9271366 A/G was typed by the allele-specific amplification method with subsequent electrophoretic detection of the results. Primer selection was performed using the method by Liu Jing et al. (2012) adding a mismatch in the third position at the 3’ends. The primers MS92АF 5`-CACGTAATATAA-ATGGTTGCAAAGGA-3`, MS92GF 5`-CACGTAATATAAATGGTTGCA-AAGGG-3` and MS92R5` AACCCTGATGTAACAGA(C/T)CTCTA-3` (Eurofins Genomics), as well as Taq-mut polymerase (Liteh, Russian Federation), were used in the study. The amplification was performed on the multichannel amplifier Tercyc (Russian Federation). Amplification mode: denaturation at 96°C for 3 minutes and 35 cycles that included denaturation at 95°C for 30 seconds, annealing at 58°C for 30 seconds, and synthesis at 72°C for 30 seconds. The length of the amplicon was 233 bp. Electrophoresis was performed in 2% agarose gel in TAE buffer. Electrophoregram analysis was carried out on transilluminator UVT 1 (Biocom, Russian Federation). Serum IgM, IgG, IgA levels were evaluated by ELISA using a test system by NPL Granum (Ukraine) and the immunoassay analyzer Stat-Fax 303 (USA). The determination of peripheral blood lymphocytes subpopulations was carried out using the test systems by NPL Granum, Ukraine in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Circulating immune complexes in serum were evaluated by selective precipitation of antigen complexes with 3.5% PEG-6000 solution (AppliChem GmbH, Germany). The content of lymphocytotoxic autoantibodies was determined by a lymphocytotoxic macrotest. The complementary activity of the blood serum was evaluated by means of 50% of sheep erythrocytes hemolysis in the presence of homologous antibodies. The statistical treatment was performed using STATISTICA 11.0 (StatSoft, Inc). To determine the reliability of the differences between the indexes in the studied samples, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney's criterion was used, while the Student's T-criterion was used for the normal distribution. Results. At the stage of clinical examination of multiple sclerosis patients, 25 patients (64.1%) were diagnosed with RRMS, 4 patients (10.3%) with PPMS, and another 10 persons (25,6%) with SPMS. The familial form of the disease was established in 11 cases (28.2%), in 28 cases (71.8%) the form of the disease was classified as sporadic. The average disease duration of the examined persons was 10.16 ± 9.57 years. The disability score assessed according to the EDSS scale was 3.54 ± 1.67 points; the rate of progression of the disease was 0.93 ± 1.26 and 0.83 ± 0.85 points, respectively. Analysis of the HLA polymorphism indicated that the disease-associated (minor) allele G SNP rs9271366 was present in 43.6% of the subjects examined (haplotype AG, G+ group), and another 56.4% of the patients were homozygous by the major allele A (haplotype AA, G- group). The form of the disease, the EDSS score, and the rate of the disease progression in the examined patients did not have association with the allele G SNP rs9271366. Patients with familial and sporadic forms of multiple sclerosis did not have significant differences in immune status and clinical indicators. The average EDSS score was 3.45 ± 1.95 points in G+ patients and 3.65 ± 1.26 points in G- patients and the rate of disease progression was 0.83 ± 0.85 points and 0.93 ± 1.26 points, respectively. The study of cellular immunity indicators revealed a decrease in relative number of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis patients compared to that in control group, and it was more pronounced in subjects with the presence of the SNP rs9271366 minor allele. The relative content of CD4 + cells was 28.00 ± 3.45% in heterozygous patients, 30.94 ± 4.42% in patients homozygous for allele A, in the control group 42.3 ± 1.8% (p<0.05), and the CD8+ cells content was 18,55 ± 4.08%, 20.65 ± 3.52% and 29.4 ± 2.2%, respectively (p<0.05). At the same time, the reduction in the relative number of CD4+ lymphocytes was observed in 90.9% of G+ patients, and in 64.7% cases in G- patients (p<0.05). Decreased CD8+ lymphocyte content was also more common in patients with G+ (77.3% of cases) than in G- (41.2% of cases), p<0.05. Acute inflammatory process was determined in 38.5% of patients with multiple sclerosis, as evidenced by an elevated IgM level in 20.5% of cases, as well as an increase in complement activity in 62.5% of subjects. The levels of lymphocytotoxic autoantibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis were significantly higher compared to the control group (18.33 ± 3.67% of subjects and 5.82 ± 3.12% of subjects, respectively, p<0.05), and the levels of circulating immune complexes were elevated in 10.3% of patients. The study of the levels of antinuclear antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients revealed a diagnostically significant levels of antibodies to native DNA found in 92.3% of the cases, including all G + patients and 83.3% of G- patients. In this case, 16.7% of patients homozygous for allele A and 14.3% heterozygous patients were also positive for the presence of antibodies to denatured DNA. Similar results were also obtained concerning the presence of antibodies to formalinized DNA - 16.7% positive results in G- patients and 28.6% in G+ patients (p<0.05). At the same time, elevated levels of antibodies to native, denatured, and formalinized DNA were determined predominantly in patients with SPMS and PPMS (15.4% of the number of examined patients). The elevated levels of antinuclear antibodies may indicate an unfavorable course of the disease or its transition to the active phase. Conclusion. In the surveyed multiple sclerosis patients from the northeastern region of Ukraine, the prevalence of SNP rs9271366 and its association with a decrease in the relative number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells against the background of elevated levels of antinuclear and lymphocytotoxic antibodies were detected

Ergodic properties of fibered rational maps

We study the ergodic properties of fibered rational maps of the Riemann sphere. In particular we compute the topological entropy of such mappings and construct a measure of maximal relative entropy. The measure is shown to be the unique one with this property. We apply the results to selfmaps of ruled surfaces and to certain holomorphic mapping of the complex projective plane P 2 .Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43942/1/11512_2006_Article_BF02384321.pd

Особливості експресії металопротеіназ в герміногенних пухлинах яєчка.

Background. Increasing of the testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT)incidence in combination with the young age of the patients attaches to this problem high medical and social importance. Objective. The aim of investigation was to establish peculiaritiesof MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression in testicular postpubertal-type yolk sac tumor (YSTPT), postpubertal-type teratoma (TPT), spermatocytic tumor (ST) and teratoma with somatic-type malignancy (TSTM). Methods. YSTPT, TPT, ST and TSTM as well as medical histories of patientswere studied. All TGCTwere divided into groups according to the pTNM classification of WHO. Using antibodies to MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 the state of extracellular matrix was investigated. Statistical data processing was performed using the statistical package "STATISTICA 13.3 EN trial version".Results. It is proved that MMP are involved in carcinogenesis starting with the early stages of tumor progression.A more expressive expression of MMP in YSTPT indicates its inclination for an aggressive course. It was identified that in patients with YSTPT and TPT who had vascular invasion, lymphogenous and distant metastases the relative area (S) and intensity (L) of expression of all investigated MMP (with the exception of S of MMP-3) were significantly higher than in patients without these signs of tumor aggressiveness. In ST the S of MMP-1 expression was lower than that in YSTPT and TPT, while the S of MMP-3 expression, on the contrary, was higher than the corresponding index in TPT, and was at the same level with the YSTPT. L of MMP-3 expression was at the border of moderate values.S of MMP-9 expression was greater than that in YSTPT and TPT, and its L was at a high level. In TSTM of group «4» S of MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 expression was higher (p&lt;0,001) than in TSTM of group «1». In all investigated TGCT reaction with TIMP-1 was negative. Conclusion. In YSTPT and TPT at transition from the initial to the late stages of tumorous progression increasing of MMP synthesis, as well as a complete absence of TIMP-1 expression were detected. Increasing of MMP expression leads to the development of vascular invasion, as well as lymphogenous and distant metastases. Parameters of MMP expression may be independent factors in prognosis of metastasis and progression of TGCT.Актуальность. Рост заболеваемости герминогенными опухолями яичка (ГОЯ) в сочетании с молодым возрастом пациентов придает данной проблеме высокую медицинскую и социальную значимость. Целью работы было установить особенности экспрессии MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 и TIMP-1 в опухоли желточного мешка постпубертатного типа (ОЖМПТ), тератоме постпубертатного типа (ТПТ), сперматоцитной опухоли (СО) и тератоме с малигнизацией соматического типа (ТМСТ) яичка. Методы. Были исследованы ОЖМПТ и ТПТ, СО и ТМСТ, а также истории болезни пациентов. Все ГОЯ были разделены на группы в соответствии с pTNM класификацией ВОЗ. С помощью антител к MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 и TIMP-1 изучали состояние экстрацеллюлярного матрикса. Статистическую обработку цифровых данных осуществляли с помощью пакета статистического анализа триал-версии STATISTICA 13.3 EN. Результаты. Доказано, что ММР принимают участие в канцерогенезе уже на ранних стадиях опухолевой прогрессии. Более выразительная экспрессия ММР в ОЖМПТ свидетельствует о ее склонности к агрессивному течению. Установлено, что у больных ОЖМПТ и ТПТ, которые имели сосудистую инвазию, лимфогенные и отдаленные метастазы, показатели относительной площади (S) и интенсивности (L) экспрессии всех исследованных MMP (за исключением показателя S MMP-3) были достоверно больше, чем у пациентов без этих признаков агрессивности опухоли. В СО показатель S экспрессии ММР-1 был ниже таковой в ОЖМПТ и ТПТ, а показатель S экспрессии ММР-3, напротив, был выше соответствующего в ТПТ, а с показателем ОЖМПТ находился на одном уровне. L экспрессии маркера MMP-3 была на границе умеренных значений. S экспрессии ММР-9 оказалась больше таковой в ОЖМПТ и ТПТ, а его L находилась на высоком уровне. В ТМСТ группы «4» S экспрессии MMP-1, MMP-3 и MMP-9 были выше (р&lt;0,001), чем в ТМСТ группы «1». Во всех ГОЯ обнаружена негативная реакция с TIMP-1. Выводы. При переходе от начальных до поздних стадий опухолевой прогрессии в ОЖМПТ и ТПТ происходит усиление синтеза MMP в сочетании с полным отсутствием экспрессии TIMP-1. Увеличение экспрессии MMP приводит к развитию сосудистой инвазии, а также лимфогенных и отдаленных метастазов. Показатели экспрессии MMP могут быть независимыми факторами прогноза метастазирования и прогрессии ГОЯ.Актуальність. Зростання захворюваності на герміногенні пухлини яєчка (ГПЯ)в поєднанні з молодим віком пацієнтів надає даній проблемі високу медичну і соціальну значимість. Метою роботи було встановити особливості експресії MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 і TIMP-1 в пухлині жовткового мішка постпубертатного типу (ПЖМПТ), тератомі постпубертатного типу (ТПТ), сперматоцитній пухлині (СП) і тератомі з малігнізацією соматичного типу (ТМСТ)яєчка. Методи. Були досліджені ПЖМПТ і ТПТ, СП і ТМСТ, а також історії хвороби пацієнтів. Всі ГПЯ були розподілені на групи у відповідності до pTNM класифікації ВООЗ. За допомогою антитіл до MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 і TIMP-1 вивчали стан екстра целюлярного матриксу. Статистичну обробку цифрових даних здійснювали за допомогою пакету статистичного аналізу тріал-версії STATISTICA 13.3 EN. Результати. Доведено, що ММР приймають участь в канцерогенезі вже на ранніх стадіях пухлинної прогресії. Більш виразна експресія ММР в ПЖМПТ свідчить про її схильність до агресивного перебігу. Встановлено, що у хворих на ПЖМПТ і ТПТ, які мали судинну інвазію, лімфогенніі віддалені метастази, показники відносної площі (S) та інтенсивності (L) експресії всіх досліджених MMP (за винятком показника S MMP-3) були достовірно більшими, ніж у пацієнтів без цих ознак агресивності пухлини. В СП показник S експресії ММР-1 був нижчим за такий в ПЖМПТ і ТПТ, а показник S експресії ММР-3, навпаки, був вищим за відповідний в ТПТ, а з показником ПЖМПТ знаходився на одному рівні. L експресії маркера MMP-3 були на межі помірних значень. S експресії ММР-9 виявилась більшою за таку в ПЖМПТ і ТПТ, а його L знаходилась на високому рівні. В ТМСТ групи «4» S експресії MMP-1, MMP-3 і MMP-9 були вищими (р&lt;0,001), ніж в ТМСТ групи «1». В усіх ГПЯ виявлена негативна реакція з TIMP-1. Підсумок. При переході від початкових до пізніх стадій пухлинної прогресії в ПЖМПТ і ТПТ відбувається посилення синтезу MMP у поєднанні з повною відсутністю експресії TIMP-1.Збільшення експресії MMP призводить до розвитку судинної інвазії, а також лімфогенних і віддалених метастазів. Показники експресії MMP можуть бути незалежними факторами прогнозу метастазування і прогресії ГПЯ