Financial Self-Help Associations among Far West Nepalese Labor Migrants in Delhi, India

Labor migration to India is the most important source of income for people in Far West Nepal. To better understand the effects of labor migration, a research analyzing why and how migrants invest their money in financial self-help organizations was undertaken. Fieldwork was conducted in the communities of origin in Nepal and migrant communities in India. Based on the study, the paper provides an overview of the existing financial self-help associations, their strengths and weaknesses, accessibility and possibilities of benefits and losses for the migrants and their families. The major conclusion is that migration helps to improve income or security but can also undermine a household's financial situation by perpetuating debt and dependency

The household as an analytical category: concepts and challenges

Der Haushalt ist eine wichtige analytische Kategorie in der Sozial-, Wirtschafts- und ethnologischen Forschung. Die in den 1980-er ]Jahren heftig geführten Diskussionen um diese Kategorie haben die Problematiken der jeweiligen Haushalts-Konzepte aufgezeigt. In den 1990-er J]ahren verstummte die Debatte, ohne dass je ein Konsens formuliert worden ware. Dennoch blieb die Bedeutung und Haufigkeit der Anwendung des Haushaltes als Untersuchungseinheit ungeschmalert. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es daher, die frühere - wie wir meinen fruchtbare - Diskussion um diese genauso prob- lematische wie auch unverzichtbare Kategorie nochmals aufzurollen und wieder zu beleben. The conceptualisation of the household as a category of analysis in social, economic and anthropological research provoked vigorous scientific disputes in the 1980s. These discussions demonstrated the problematic character of concepts of the household. Nowadays, the debate about household conceptualisation has calmed down without having arrived at a definite consensus. Nevertheless, the signicficance and frequency of the use of the 'household' as a research category remains undiminished. Therefore, this article aims to resume the relevant discussions and revive thinking about this simultaneously problematic and fundamental category

Implementation of a participative conservation approach as seen from the viewpoint of the local population: A case study in the Kanchenjungha Conservation Area, Nepal

According to recent data from IUCN and FAO the extent of protected areas equals the aren of arable land worldwide. Nearly half of this area is located in developing countries and therefore in countries with cultural settings that differ from western societies. Almost all of these protected areas are populated or border densely populated regions. Modem concepts of conservation try to integrate the needs of the local population. The current participative management concepts are determined by the insight that sustainable conservation of nature is only possible with or in the best case through the local population. But still conflicts emerge between conservation and human needs. The analysis of these conflicts however rarely go beyond an investigation of land-use conflicts. Conflicts - a research hypothesis - increase because of different concepts of "nature'' and how it should be protected. It is obvious that mainly western constructs of nature, which could be seen as globalized, find their way into the international conservation agenda. As a consequence the "participation" of local people is restricted to a more or less consultative part in international conservation. These research assumptions were exemplified in the newly established Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) in Eastern Nepal, and they are based on field studies conducted in autumn 1998. The main objectives of this integrative conservation project are "to protect the unique environment of the Kanchcnjunga region" and "to help the local communities improve their standard of living". The KCA is jointly managed by the Nepalese Department for National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and the international NGO WWF. It was established in 1997 and covers an area of 2,035 sq km with a resident population of more than 5,700. The main conservation value is a sequence of high mountain ecosystems on the southern slopes of Mt. Kanchenjunga (8,586 m), the third highest mountnin of the world. It is the habitat of a diverse wildlife and flora including a number of endangered species like the red panda. In the KCA an attempt was made to investigate the existing knowledge and expectations of the local population during the implementation period of a conservation project. In the focus of the research programme was the local populations' view of the main problems of the area, the existing traditional resource use systems, the performance and goals of the KCA project and whether it is necessary to protect nature and how it could be done. Results should show possibilities to deduce recommendations for participatory management concepts, which include and accept local concepts of what should be protected. The results show that the majority or the local people believe that conservation of nature is necessary in their region and that it is only possible through the joint effort of all of them. Reasons to protect nature have a wide range: from "our children also need firewood" to "tourists want to see something nice" and religious reasons. On the other hand it was interesting to see, that nearly all interviewees had massive expectations about the future development the project will bring to them, but only a few people know about the conservation approach of the project. The name of the directly engaged WWF was known only to very few people, but none of them knew about the main objective of this organisation. A conclusion of this investigation is that it is very important to consider in detail the culturally and society-specific concepts of environment of all actors. For a successful implementation it is important not to neglect the local knowledge and the already established strategies of the local population. This is an important requirement in order to develop sustainable strategies to promote environmental conservation - a task, which is postulated frequently by international organizations and at conferences