A fatigue testing method of wet cylinder liner of diesel engines

It has been agreed to call the loads changing with time and acting in most varied constructional arrangements as well as the stresses accompanying them changeable or cyclic. Changeable stresses produce in the material a very complex entanglement of phenomena and changes depending on the value of those stresses and on the number of cycles. These are fatigue phenomena and changes. They develop successively till the element has been destroyed. This is called the element material fatigue. Thus changing loads and stresses are also called fatigue loads and stresses. The purpose of the presented work was to develop a method of comparative investigations for wet replaceable sleeves in direct contact with coolant that have been submitted to technological treatment of sub-edge zone material strengthening. The source of loads is a cyclically occurring normal component of gas and mass forces in the cylinder. The frequency of changes is a derivative of the number of strokes in the engine run and of the rotational speed of the crankshaft. Fatigue loads can be the reason why cylinder liner cracks in the edge zone. The results of the fatigue testing of the technological process of strengthening the cylinder lines sub-edge zone on crack sensitivity shows differences in the behaviour of particular samples, depending on the parameters of strengthening. The fatigue testing method can be used to evaluate the technological process of cylinder liner

Method of evaluation of external costs in combined transport coal

Transport of goods is of great importance in socio-economic life of societies. In Poland, where the power industry is based partially on bituminous coal extracted in mines of Upper Silesia, the transportation of coal is of great significance. The coal transportation acquires special importance in the corridor of the Odra River, where the Power Station Opole, Kogeneracja Wrocław, industrial complex of Power Station Dolna Odra, and numerous other industrial companies, that rely on such energy carrier are located. Location (intentional) of coal consumers, as well as historical determinants, created the chance of functioning of alternative transport systems: rail and inland waterborne ones. Intuitive interest in inland waterborne transportation as mass transportation that is cheaper and safer for natural environment, is the subject of present paper. Main objective is the presentation of the method for evaluation of so-called external costs in multimodal transportation of coal including the non-alternative rail transport between coal mines and the port of Gliwice, and inland waterborne transportation from the port of Gliwice to the consumers located by the Odra River

Examination of the effects of water presence in fuel on toxicity indices

For many years research has been conducted on using water added to the process of combustion in a compression-ignition engine (by injection to the suction manifold, disintegrated in the manifold by ultrasounds, injection to the cylinder or in the form of emulsion) in order to improve the engine's operating indices and reduce its smoking and toxicity. The study presents the effects of adding water to fuel on selected toxicity indices of exhaust gases, and puts forward the problem of technical usability of a water solution of hydrogen peroxide for the discussed purposes. The effect of water proportion in fuel on the change of the engine smoking, concentration of NOx in exhaust gases in the function of water proportion of water injected, concentration of NOx in the function of rotational speed for standard fuel and emulsion fuel, the effect of water proportion in the emulsion fuel on the relative value of the engine torque, concentration of CO in exhaust gases in the function of the engine load for different water proportions concentration of NOx in exhaust gases in the function of the engine load for different water proportions, specific fuel consumption in the function of the engine load for different water proportions are illustrated in the paper

Wpływ dodatku wody w paliwie emulsyjnym na stężenie tlenków azotu w spalinach silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym

Nitric oxides (NO) concentration in exhaust gases of self-ignition engine is a result of air usage for hydrocarbon fuel compounds oxidation in combustion process. The methods of limitation of NOx concentration based on adjusting optimization of injection advance angle and they are responsible for aim conflict in exhaust smokiness sphere. The progressive expectation of European Union, defined by Euro V and still discussable Euro VI implementation, caused a necessary of reaching for solutions apart from an engine like exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and diesel particle filters - DPF. The method of water addition (especially the most effective - in water-fuel emulsion form) to combustion process has been known since years. This paper presents the results of the researches which aim was to investigate nitric oxides concentration in exhausts of one-cylinder self-ignition engine (typeS301D)fueled l0%, 20%, 30% water-emulsion fuel. Using of emulsion cut down emission nitric oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide and smoking of an engine with relation to fuelled with diesel oil. Using of the fuel containing 20% H2O cut down emission NO approx. 61%, emission NOx approx.67%, carbon monoxide approx. 20% with relation to fuelled with diesel oil.W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zasilania silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym (typu S301D) paliwem emulsyjnym, zawierającym 10, 20 i 30% wody. Obserwowano stężenia tlenku azotu i tlenków azotu, tlenku węgla oraz dymienie silnika. W celu porównania efektów wyznaczono emisje jednostkowe poszczególnych wielkości i odniesiono je do takich wielkości wyznaczonych dla handlowego oleju napędowego. W przypadku NOx i CO zaobserwowano ekstremum efektu dla zawartości 20% wody; w przypadku dymienia silnika maksymalny efekt odpowiada maksymalnemu udziałowi wody w paliwie. Użycie paliwa emulsyjnego obniża emisję tlenków azotu (NO), tlenku węgla (CO) i dymienie silnika (S) w stosunku do zasilania olejem napędowym. W obszarze tlenku azotu (NO) użycie paliwa zawierającego 20% H2O spowodowało obniżenie emisji NO do poziomu 61% w stosunku do zasilania olejem napędowym. W obszarze tlenku węgla (CO) użycie paliwa zawierającego 20% H2O obniża emisję do poziomu 20% w stosunku do zasilania silnika olejem napędowym W obszarze tlenków azotu (NO) użycie paliwa zawierającego 20% H2O obniżyło emisję NOx do poziomu 67% w stosunku do zasilania olejem napędowym

Research of water - fuel microemulsions as fuel for diesel engine

The combustion of fuels is and will be in the nearest future a basic way of acquiring the energy, among others, for transport purposes. Transport causes many threats for natural environment. It produces powders and particulates, together with many gaseous noxious substances and is also the source of noise and vibrations. Sources of propulsion, applied in transport, are almost exclusively piston-combustion engines, among which the dominant role play self-ignition engines. In the light of well-known advantages of these engines, they were accepted as most beneficial sources of car vehicles' propulsion in nearest decades, provided they meet the requirements of the future legal regulations regarding the environmental protection. The emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matters (PM) is a problem to be solved in modern engines. This constitutes so called targets conflict, consisting in excluding the alternative of both coefficients’ decrease, in the way of regulation the set of an engine and the limiting emissions, permitted by the EURO regulations. From among many different methods of limiting both the formation and emission of NOx, the method of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is universally applied. This method requires special installation with the catalyst and the reservoir intended for the "clinically" clean reductive measure. In the aspect of constituting opinions regarding the need of reducing additional installations and media on board the vehicle, it seems that to supply the engine with fuel-water emulsion and especially fuel-water microemulsion becomes an interesting solution

The chemical properties of alternatiye fuel from Automobile Shredder Residue (ARS)

A technical object is wearing down and stop s to do its function what is connected with becoming a problem, in case of vehicles, especially in environmental aspect. The recycling rate of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) has to increase to eighty-five per cent to 2014. Nowadays few methods of recycling can be mentioned. The most popular based on disassembly, second usage of recovered materials trough fragmentation and separation of raw materials and incineration of Automobile Shredder Residue (ARS) using maximum energy recovering and minimum emission causing processes. In this paper the methods of vehicle recycling was analyzed and discussed. Especially raw materials separation aspect was taken into consideration. An average sample of ARS which is a composition of materials like rubber, plastic, wood and fibers which is use as an alternative fuel for co-burning process in industry, was analyzed. Because of metals and organic compounds (PAHs - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, VOC's - Volatile Organic Compounds) toxic emission problem (combustion gas emission and waste emission with cinder) in ecology aspect it is very important to know chemical properties of burning fuel. The ARS very often consist potential hazardous on human health chemical compounds or compounds whose thermal treatment products are toxic. Even if concentration of potential dangerous compound is very low it can cause very serious consequences for environment and humans. The results of chemical properties investigation of alternative fuel from vehicle using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method are published in this paper. Also alternative solutions for those wastes (ARS) usage are proposed and discussed

Metabolic syndrome is associated with similar long-term prognosis in non-obese and obese patients. An analysis of 45 615 patients from the nationwide LIPIDOGRAM 2004-2015 cohort studies

Aims We aimed to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and long-term all-cause mortality. Methods The LIPIDOGRAM studies were carried out in the primary care in Poland in 2004, 2006 and 2015. MetS was diagnosed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. The cohort was divided into four groups: non-obese patients without MetS, obese patients without MetS, non-obese patients with MetS and obese patients with MetS. Differences in all-cause mortality was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results 45,615 participants were enrolled (mean age 56.3, standard deviation: 11.8 years; 61.7% female). MetS was diagnosed in 14,202 (31%) by NCEP/ATP III criteria, and 17,216 (37.7%) by JIS criteria. Follow-up was available for 44,620 (97.8%, median duration 15.3 years) patients. MetS was associated with increased mortality risk among the obese (hazard ratio, HR: 1.88 [95% CI, 1.79-1.99] and HR: 1.93 [95% CI 1.82-2.04], according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria, respectively) and non-obese individuals (HR: 2.11 [95% CI 1.85-2.40] and 1.7 [95% CI, 1.56-1.85] according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria respectively). Obese patients without MetS had a higher mortality risk than non-obese patients without MetS (HR: 1.16 [95% CI 1.10-1.23] and HR: 1.22 [95%CI 1.15-1.30], respectively in subgroups with NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria applied). Conclusions MetS is associated with increased all-cause mortality risk in non-obese and obese patients. In patients without MetS obesity remains significantly associated with mortality. The concept of metabolically healthy obesity should be revised