Optimization of the moment of inertia and the release conditions of a discus

AbstractThis paper describes the concurrent optimization of the design of a discus and the skill with which it is thrown. The objective function for optimization is the flight distance, where longer is better. Thirteen control variables are considered, twelve of which are concerned with the skill of the thrower. These determine the launch conditions, which are controlled by the thrower when he or she throws the discus. The final variable is concerned with the discus itself. This is the moment of inertia on its transverse axis. The optimization was carried out with the aid of a genetic algorithm, and the entire trend for each generation between the objective function and the control variables could be visualized with the aid of self organizing maps. It was found that the flight distance achieved with concurrent optimization was longer than that optimized for skill alone. In the case of the optimal flight, the angle of attack should always be less than the stalling angle

A Study on Many-Objective Optimization Using the Kriging-Surrogate-Based Evolutionary Algorithm Maximizing Expected Hypervolume Improvement

The many-objective optimization performance of the Kriging-surrogate-based evolutionary algorithm (EA), which maximizes expected hypervolume improvement (EHVI) for updating the Kriging model, is investigated and compared with those using expected improvement (EI) and estimation (EST) updating criteria in this paper. Numerical experiments are conducted in 3- to 15-objective DTLZ1-7 problems. In the experiments, an exact hypervolume calculating algorithm is used for the problems with less than six objectives. On the other hand, an approximate hypervolume calculating algorithm based on Monte Carlo sampling is adopted for the problems with more objectives. The results indicate that, in the nonconstrained case, EHVI is a highly competitive updating criterion for the Kriging model and EA based many-objective optimization, especially when the test problem is complex and the number of objectives or design variables is large

Chemical Synthesis of Acetobacter pasteurianus Lipid A with a Unique Tetrasaccharide Backbone and Evaluation of Its Immunological Functions

Yamaura H., Shimoyama A., Hosomi K., et al. Chemical Synthesis of Acetobacter pasteurianus Lipid A with a Unique Tetrasaccharide Backbone and Evaluation of Its Immunological Functions. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition , (2024); https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202402922.Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell surface component of Gram-negative bacteria, activates innate immunity. Its active principle is the terminal glycolipid lipid A. Acetobacter pasteurianus is a Gram-negative bacterium used in the fermentation of traditional Japanese black rice vinegar (kurozu). In this study, we focused on A. pasteurianus lipid A, which is a potential immunostimulatory component of kurozu. The active principle structure of A. pasteurianus lipid A has not yet been identified. Herein, we first systematically synthesized three types of A. pasteurianus lipid As containing a common and unique tetrasaccharide backbone. We developed an efficient method for constructing the 2-trehalosamine skeleton utilizing borinic acid-catalyzed glycosylation to afford 1,1’-α,α-glycoside in high yield and stereoselectivity. A common tetrasaccharide intermediate with an orthogonal protecting group pattern was constructed via [2+2] glycosylation. After introducing various fatty acids, all protecting groups were removed to achieve the first chemical synthesis of three distinct types of A. pasteurianus lipid As. After evaluating their immunological function using both human and murine cell lines, we identified the active principles of A. pasteurianus LPS. We also found the unique anomeric structure of A. pasteurianus lipid A contributes to its high chemical stability

Multicentric extra-abdominal desmoid tumors arising in bilateral lower limbs

Extra-abdominal desmoid tumors preferentially affect the shoulders, arms, backs, buttocks, and thighs of young adults. Multicentric occurrence is rather rare but seems to be another distinctive feature of extra-abdominal desmoid tumors. In this article we report a rare case of multicentric extra-abdominal desmoid tumors arising in bilateral lower limbs

Updating kriging surrogate models based on the hypervolume indicator in multi-objective optimization

This paper presents a comparison of the criteria for updating the Kriging surrogate models in multi-objective optimization: expected improvement (EI), expected hypervolume improvement (EHVI), estimation (EST), and those in combination (EHVI þ EST). EI has been conventionally used as the criterion considering the stochastic improvement of each objective function value individually, while EHVI has recently been proposed as the criterion considering the stochastic improvement of the front of nondominated solutions in multi-objective optimization. EST is the value of each objective function estimated nonstochastically by the Kriging model without considering its uncertainties. Numerical experiments were implemented in the welded beam design problem, and empirically showed that, in an unconstrained case, EHVI maintains a balance between accuracy, spread, and uniformity in nondominated solutions for Krigingmodel-based multiobjective optimization. In addition, the present experiments suggested future investigation into techniques for handling constraints with uncertainties to enhance the capability of EHVI in constrained cases

Clinical Value of Flow Cytometric DNA analysis in colorectal cancers

The distribution of DNA in colon cancers and its relationship to factors related to clinical features of cancer invasion and noncurative operation are evaluated by using paraffin-embedded specimens. The survival in patients with DNA diploid tumor is apparently much more satisfactory than that in patients with aneuploid tumor in stage B and C patients in accordance with advances in the disease stage. The deeper the depth of cancer invasion reaches, the more the number of DNA aneuploid tumor increased in the distribution. Non-curative operation was more frequently made in patients with DNA aneuploid tumor rather than in patients with DNA diploid one. In conclusion, analysis of the distribution of DNA contributes to assessment of the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma in combination with conventional prognostic parameter of clinicopathologic variables