Stabilnost morfoloških osobina semena kukuruza u različitim proizvodnim uslovima

The analyses were performed with the hybrid seeds of four hybrid combinations derived at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje and produced in three locations. Under laboratory conditions, the following seed traits were analysed in the working sample of 10x100 seeds: seed test weight and shelling percentage, which was determined as the seed weight to ear weight ratio. In the three-year study, the greatest (352.71 g), i.e. smallest (280.09 g) test weight was recorded in the hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 704, respectively. The highest shelling percentage of 60.53 % was determined in the hybrid ZP 704, while the lowest one (48.20 %) was recorded the hybrid ZP 434. Obtained results point out that both traits in all four hybrids are highly expressed under all observed agro-ecological conditions and that effects of factors on the seed weight and the shelling percentage are great.U ovim istraživanja posmatrane su masa 1000 semena i randman semena, u odnosu na genotipsku kombinaciju i agroekološke uslove proizvodnje semena. Analize su rađene na hibridnom semenu četiri komercijalne hibridne kombinacije Instituta za kukuruz 'Zemun Polje', proizvedene na tri lokaliteta. U laboratorijskim uslovima, na radnom uzorku od 10x100 semena, izvršena su ispitivanja apsolutne mase semena, randman semena utvrđen je kao procentualni odnos mase semena i klipa. U trogodišnjem istraživanju najveća izmerena masa 1000 semena je kod hibrida ZP 434 (352,71 g) dok je ZP 704 hibrid sa najmanjom postignutom masom(280,09 g). Randman semena najveći je kod ZP 704 (60,53%), najmanji 48,20% kod ZP 434. Lokalitet sa najvećim variranjem mase bio je Turija (41,58%), a druga osobina najviše varijabilnosti u toku istraživanja bila je na lokalitetu Vrbas (28,13%). Eksperimentalni podaci obrađeni su na srednju vrednost i ukupnu varijabilnost (x i C.V.) za obe osobine semena i svaku varijantu istraživanja. Dvofaktorijalnom analizom varijanse utvrđen je uticaj faktora (hibrid i lokacija), kao i njihova interakcija na ispitivane osobine semena. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da sva četiri hibrida imaju visok nivo ispoljavanja obe osobine u svim posmatranim agroekološkim uslovima, kao i visok uticaj faktora (hibrid i lokacija) na masu semena i randman semena

Testing of maize inbreed lines seed germination in the soil

The aim of this paper is to present soil as a growing medium used in germination tests of seeds of some insecticide-treated maize inbred lines that have been carried out at the seed testing laboratory of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje in Belgrade. Although soil is not recommended as a primary growing medium for seed germination because it is not included into standard methods, it is the most natural and the best growing medium for seed germination testing under laboratory conditions. Soil is recommended when seedlings show phytotoxic symptoms or when results of the standard germination test are uncertain. The standard method B(etween) P(aper) with 4x100 seeds and filter paper + soil method with 4x50 seeds were applied in the study in 2015 and 2016. Seeds were treated with the fungicide Maxim Xl and the insecticide Sonido. Soil used in the study was degraded chernozem taken from a maize field and prepared for the medium according to the standard procedure. Seeds were germinated in the germination room at the temperature of 2030oC and 16:8 of light : dark photoperiod. The first count and total germination were recorded on the 4th and the 7th day, respectively, in both methods. Obtained results indicate that total germination for all maize inbred lines was greater in both years of investigation when filter paper + soil method was applied

ISTA proficiency test 17-2 germination results of white clover seed

The presence of hard seeds as a result of water impermeable seed coat is common in species of Fabaceae family. For wild plants, this characteristic allows better survival, but for agriculture production, hard seeds are undesirable, due to delayed and uneven germination. In seed testing laboratory several pre-treatments (pre-chill, mechanical scarification) can be applied for germination testing of these species. In this paper, Proficiency test 17-2 germination results of Trifolium repens seeds conducted in 150 laboratories around the world are presented. Those tests are organized by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) and are mandatory for all accredited laboratories. In this way laboratory's competence (staff, apparatus, test methods) is checked. In August 2017, samples of three Trifolium repens seed lots were distributed. In the Seed Testing Laboratory at the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje (LIZP), germination was tested in September using mechanical scarification and pre-chilling (2 days at 5-10°C) prior to germination at 20°C. Among 90 accredited participants, only one more laboratory applied mechanical scarification, 42 laboratories did not use any pre-treatment, and 39 laboratories applied pre-chilling. Obtained germination results in LIZP (Lot1-84.50%, Lot2-84%, Lot3-88.50%) were higher than overall mean (Lot1-76.95%, Lot2-79.63%, and Lot3-83.27%). The main conclusion of this Proficiency test is that seed scarification significantly reduced the number of hard seeds in favour of normal seedlings. The reason for the rare application of scarification may be the requirement of the applicant to obtain adequate information regarding the number of hard seeds that will appear during seed sowing

ISTA proficiency test 17-2 germination results of white clover seed

Pojava tvrdog semena kao posledica nepropustljivosti semenjače za vodu je izražena kod vrsta iz familije Fabaceae. Kod divljih biljaka ova osobina je biološki opravdana jer omoguća-va bolji opstanak, ali za poljoprivredu tvrda semena su nepoželjna jer klijaju sa zakašnjenjem i neravnomerno. Prilikom ispitivanja klijavosti semena ovih vrsta u laboratoriji može se primeniti predtretman (prethodno hlađenje, mehanička skarifikacija) pre naklijavanja u optimalnim uslovi-ma. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja klijavosti semena Trifolium repens sprovedena u 150 laboratorija širom sveta u okviru Proficiency testa 17-2. Ovi testovi su organizovani od strane Međunarodne organizacije za ispitivanje semena (ISTA), a obavezni su za sve akredi-tovane laboratorije, jer se na taj način kontroliše kompetentnost osoblja, ispravnost aparata i pou-zdanost primenjenih metoda ispitivanja. U avgustu 2017. godine distribuirani su uzorci tri partije semena Trifolium repens. U Laboratoriji za ispitivanje semena u Institutu za kukuruz Zemun Polje (LIZP), ispitana je klijavost u septembru primenom mehaničke skarifikacije i prethodnog hlađenja (2 dana na 5-10°C), a zatim klijanje na 20°C. Od 90 akreditovanih laboratorija samo je još jedna primenila mehaničku skarifikaciju, 42 laboratorije nisu primenile nikakav predtretman, a 39 laboratorija je primenilo prethodno hlađenje. Dobijeni rezultati klijavosti u LIZP (Lot1-84.50%, Lot2-84%, Lot3-88.50%) su bili iznad proseka svih laboratorija (Lot1-76.95%, Lot2-79.63%, Lot3-83.27%). Kao glavni zaključak ovog Proficiency testa jeste da je skarifikacija se-mena značajno smanjila broj tvrdih semena u korist normalnih klijanaca. Razlog retke primene skarifikacije može biti potreba korisnika da dobije adekvatnu informaciju vezanu za broj tvrdih semena koja će se pojaviti prilikom setve semena.The presence of hard seeds as a result of water impermeable seed coat is common in species of Fabaceae family. For wild plants, this characteristic allows better survival, but for agriculture production, hard seeds are undesirable, due to delayed and uneven germination. In seed testing laboratory several pre-treatments (pre-chill, mechanical scarification) can be applied for germination testing of these species. In this paper, Proficiency test 17-2 germination results of Trifolium repens seeds conducted in 150 laboratories around the world are presented. Those tests are organized by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) and are mandatory for all accredited laboratories. In this way laboratory’s competence (staff, apparatus, test methods) is checked. In August 2017, samples of three Trifolium repens seed lots were distributed. In the Seed Testing Laboratory at the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje (LIZP), germination was tested in September using mechanical scarification and pre-chilling (2 days at 5-10°C) prior to germination at 20°C. Among 90 accredited participants, only one more laboratory applied mechanical scarification, 42 laboratories did not use any pre-treatment, and 39 laboratories applied pre-chilling. Obtained germination results in LIZP (Lot1-84.50%, Lot2-84%, Lot3-88.50%) were higher than overall mean (Lot1-76.95%, Lot2-79.63%, and Lot3-83.27%). The main conclusion of this Proficiency test is that seed scarification significantly reduced the number of hard seeds in favour of normal seedlings. The reason for the rare application of scarification may be the requirement of the applicant to obtain adequate information regarding the number of hard seeds that will appear during seed sowing

Kružne analize u proveri rada autorizovanih uzorkovača semena

The objective of this study was to apply the ring analysis in the proficiency assessment of authorised seed samplers form 18 accredited laboratories from the Republic of Serbia and two seed samplers from the Republic of Macedonia. The seed sampling was performed in the Processing plant, while the assessment was performed at the Seed Testing Laboratory of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje. Two maize seed lots, placed in containers and jumbo bags, and one barley seed lot packed in paper bags, were sampled. Drawing of submitted samples and the estimation of the sampling intensity by seed samplers were done during the course of sampling. Seed purity, 1000-seed weight and seed germination were determined in the drawn samples. Results obtained by authorised samplers were within toleration limits. All samplers from accredited laboratories proved to be well trained, the samples were properly drawn, while insignificant nonconformities were detected in the calculation of sampling intensity.Cilj ovog rada je primena kružne analize u kontroli ovlašćenih uzorkovača semena iz 18 akreditovanih laboratorija iz Republik e Srbije i dva uzorkovača iz Makedonije. Uzorkovanje i ispitivanje obavljeno je na Doradnom centru i u Laboratoriji za ispiti vanje semena Instituta za kukuruz „Zemun Polje“. Uzorkovane su dve partije semena kukuruza, smeštene u kontejnerima i džambo vrećama i jedna partija ječma upakovana u papirne vreće. U toku uzorkovanja, praćen je način formiranj a prosečnog uzorka i izračunavanja intenziteta uzorkovanja od strane uzorkovača. Na uzetim uzorcima ispitivana je čistoća semena, masa 1000 semena i klijavost semena. Utvrđivanje klijavosti semena kukuruza je izvršeno na standardnom temperaturnom režimu 2030 0C, naizmenično 8/16 h, a za seme ječma na 200C. Masa je utvrđena merenjem 8x100 semena a čistoća semena procentualnim učešćem nečistoća u uzorku. Ispitivana čistoća semena se kretala od 99,4%-99,9% za prvi uzorak kukuruza, za drugi uzorak kukuruza se kretala od 98,6-99,3% a za uzorak ječma od 99,4-99,7%. Klijavost semena za prvi uzorak kukuruza se kretala od 96-98%, za drugi uzorak od 90-96% a za partiju ječma od 97-99%. Masa se kretala od 351,7 g-357,3 g za prvi uzorak kukuruza, za drugi uzorak kukuruza od 306,3 g-315,0 g a za uzorak ječma od 46,19 g-44,76 g. Analize su rađene prema Pravilnika o kvalitetu semena poljoprivrednog bilja 47/87 i po međunarodnim ISTA pravilima. Eksperimentalni podaci obrađeni su deskriptivnom statistikom (srednja vrednost, standardan devijacija, medijana), koristeći Data Analisysis Softver System. Dobijeni rezultati ovlašćenih uzorkovača su u granicama dozvoljenih odstupanja. Svi uzorkovači iz akreditovanih laboratorija dobro formiraju radni uzorak, dok su manja odstupanja uočena kod izračunavanja intenziteta uzorkovanja

Poređenje dve procedure hladnog testa za ispitivanje vigora semena samooplodnih linija kukuruza

Cold test (CT) is a valuable method of assessing maize seed vigour. Although widely used CT is not standardized because of variations in CT procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate seed vigour of 15 maize inbred lines developed at the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, using two different substrates (soil and sand) in a severe CT (7.5°C for 10 days followed by 7 days at 20/30 °C). Statistical analysis showed that inbred lines differ significantly in seed vigour, and no difference between two applied substrates in CT. Coefficients of variation were lower in CT with sand (6.05 %), compared to the CT with soil (6.74%) due to variation in soil quality and presence of soil-borne pathogens. Both CT procedures were highly correlated with field emergence. Results of this research indicate that CT with sand is appropriate for testing maize seed vigour, with the potential for standardization.Vigor semena je veoma važan parametar kvaliteta, jer ukazuje na sposobnost semena da klija u suboptimalnim uslovima (niska temperatura, visoka vlažnost zemljišta itd.). Hladni test je važan metod za utvrđivanje vigora semena kukuruza. Iako je dobar pokazatelj nicanja u polju, i koristi se širom sveta, hladni test nije standardizovan zbog razlika u proceduri (temperatura, vrsta i vlažnost supstrata). Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitivanje vigora semena samooplodnih linija kukuruza primenom dva različita supstrata (zemlja i pesak) u hladnom testu. Za ispitivanje je odabrano 15 samooplodnih linija kukuruza stvorenih u Institutu za kukuruz 'Zemun Polje'. Primenjeni su izrazito stresni uslovi ispitivanja u hladnom testu (10 dana na 7,5°C, a zatim 7 dana na 20/30°C). Statističkom obradom podataka utvrđeno je da su se samooplodne linije značajno razlikovale po vigoru semena tj. tolerantnosti na niske temperature u periodu klijanja i početnog porasta. Sa druge strane nije utvrđena značajna razlika između dva primenjena supstrata u hladnom testu. Prosečna klijavost 15 samooplodnih linija u hladnom testu sa peskom iznosila je 82,2%, a u hladnom testu sa zemljom 80,1%. Koeficijent varijacije je bio niži u hladnom testu sa peskom (6,05%), nego u hladnom testu sa zemljom (6,74%), što se objašnjava variranjem u kvalitetu zemlje i prisustvu zemljišnih patogena. Obe ispitivane procedure su postigle visoku korelaciju sa nicanjem u polju. Rezultati ovih istraživanja ukazuju na mogućnost korišćenja peska kao supstrata u hladnom testu, čime bi se ispitivanje vigora semena kukuruza znatno olakšalo, a ujedno bi se stekli uslovi za standardizaciju hladnog testa

Eksperimentalna procena organskih podloga za ispitivanje klijavosti semena soje

High germination of seeds and seedling establishment are critical for soybean production since it determines crop density and eventually affects the yield. Accurate evaluation of the ger mination potential of sowing material is valuable, as well as initial quality assessment of newly harvested seed. ISTA Rules prescribe alternative methods for soybean seed germination: sand, between paper, top of paper covered with sand and since 2020 organic growing media. In the Seed Testing Laboratory at the Maize Research Institute soybean germination is conducted in the sand at 2030°C. The objective of this study was to evaluate several available organic growing media and compare results obtained with the standard laboratory method. Five soybean seed lots of different quality were tested in four germination growing media (3 organic and sand), at two temperature regimes (25 °C and 2030°C). Statistical analyses showed that all types of organic growing media were of the same quality. Slightly higher germination in organic growing media was obtained in the experiment at 2030°C compared to sand, but those differences were not statistically significant. When testing was done in germinator with 25°C positive effects of organic growing media were identified and this impact was significant, especially for low-quality seed lots. The experimental outcome was to continue with routine practice and use organic growing media for retesting of seed lots with lower germination as an alternative substrate. Key words: germination, organic substrate, sand, soybean, temperatureVisoka klijavost semena i uniforman rast klijanaca su presudni za proizvodnju soje, jer od toga zavisi gustina useva i na kraju, prinos. Precizna procena potencijala klijavosti setvenog ma terijala je izuzetno važna, kao i početna procena kvaliteta tek požnjevenog semena. Međunarod na pravila za ispitivanje semena propisuju alternativne metode za klijanje semena soje: pesak, između filter papira, na filter papiru uz prekrivanje peskom, i od 2020. godine organski supstrat. U Laboratoriji za ispitivanje semena, Instituta za kukuruz “Zemun Polje”, naklijavanje soje se vrši u pesku, na temperaturi 2030°C. Cilj ove studije bio je proceniti nekoliko dostupnih organskih supstrata i uporediti dobijene rezultate sa dosadašnjom laboratorijskom metodom. Pet partija soje različitog kvaliteta testirano je u četiri podloge za naklijavanje (3 organske i pe sak), pri dva temperaturna režima (25°C i 2030°C). Statistička analiza pokazala je da su sve organske podloge istog kvaliteta. Nešto veća klijavost u organskom supstratu u poređenju sa pes kom je ostvarena u eksperimentu na 2030°C, ali te razlike nisu bile statistički značajne. Pri likom ispitivanja u klijalištu sa 25°C pokazali su se pozitivni efekti organske podloge i ovaj uticaj je bio značajan, posebno za partije slabijeg kvaliteta. Nakon analize eksperimentalnih rezultata odlučeno je da se nastavi sa dosadašnjom laboratorijskom praksom naklijavanja u pesku i da se organska podloga koristi kao alternativni supstrat za ponovno ispitivanje partija semena sa nižim procentom klijavosti

Visina prosečnog prinosa ZPSC 341 u zavisnosti od procenta učešća fertilnih i sterilnih biljaka

The aim of the study was to determine the changes in grain yields in relation to the sterile to fertile plants ratio. Total of 21 mixtures of 0, 5, 10 up to 100 % of fertile plants mixed with the sterile variant of the hybrid ZPSC 341 was made. Because of reliability of the experiment the original fertile hybrid ZPSC 341 was used as a check three times. Effects of fertile, i.e. sterile cytoplasm of the observed hybrid on yield and yield variations were studied. The extent of dependence of the percentage of fertile plants on yield was determined. Furthermore, the sterile to fertile hybrid variant ratio resulting in the highest yield was established. The analysis of results indicate that the highest average yield (13.273 t ha-1) was obtained with 90 % fertility, while the lowest average yield (11.510 t ha-1) was gained with 10 % fertility.U radu su prikazani rezultati ogleda ZPSC 341 hibrida proizvedenog u 2015 godini. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se izvođenjem ogleda na određenoj lokaciji i primenom statističke analize, odredi optimalan odnos muški sterilne (cms-S osnova) i muški fertilne komponente komercijalnog hibrida ZPSC 341, kako bi se u komercijalnoj proizvodnji postigao maksimalan prinos. Ogled je postavljen na lokaciji Bijeljina u tri ponavljanja po slučajnom blok sistemu. Napravljena je 21 smeša sa po 0, 5, 10 do 100% fertilnih biljaka pomešanih sa sterilnom varijantom hibrida ZPSC 341. Kao kontrola, radi pouzdanosti eksperimenta u ogled je uključen orginalni fertilni hibrid ZPSC 341 kao standard tri puta (ZPSC 341 iz ručne oplodnje, ZPSC 341 F1 i ZPSC 341 iz recipročnog ukrštanja). Posmatran je prinos, variranje prinosa i uticaj na prinos učešća fertilne odnosno sterilne citoplazme ispitivanog hibrida. Statistička obrada podataka obuhvatila je analizu varijanse po slučajnom blok sistemu, regresionu i korelacionu analizu prinosa zrna i procenta fertilnih biljaka u hibridu ZPSC 341, kako bi se utvrdile promene prosečnog prinosa zrna u odnosu na procenat učešća sterilnih i fertilnih biljaka. Utvrđeno je u kojoj meri postoji zavisnost procenta fertilnosti na prinos odnosno koji odnos sterilne i fertilne varijante hibrida je ostvario najveći prinos. Analiza rezultata je pokazala da je najveći prosečan prinos bio sa 90% fertilnosri (13,273 t ha-1) za razliku od hibrida sa 10% fertilnosti koji je imao najmanji prosečan prinos (11,510 t ha-1)

Visina prosečnog prinosa ZPSC 341 u zavisnosti od procenta učešća fertilnih i sterilnih biljaka

The aim of the study was to determine the changes in grain yields in relation to the sterile to fertile plants ratio. Total of 21 mixtures of 0, 5, 10 up to 100 % of fertile plants mixed with the sterile variant of the hybrid ZPSC 341 was made. Because of reliability of the experiment the original fertile hybrid ZPSC 341 was used as a check three times. Effects of fertile, i.e. sterile cytoplasm of the observed hybrid on yield and yield variations were studied. The extent of dependence of the percentage of fertile plants on yield was determined. Furthermore, the sterile to fertile hybrid variant ratio resulting in the highest yield was established. The analysis of results indicate that the highest average yield (13.273 t ha-1) was obtained with 90 % fertility, while the lowest average yield (11.510 t ha-1) was gained with 10 % fertility.U radu su prikazani rezultati ogleda ZPSC 341 hibrida proizvedenog u 2015 godini. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se izvođenjem ogleda na određenoj lokaciji i primenom statističke analize, odredi optimalan odnos muški sterilne (cms-S osnova) i muški fertilne komponente komercijalnog hibrida ZPSC 341, kako bi se u komercijalnoj proizvodnji postigao maksimalan prinos. Ogled je postavljen na lokaciji Bijeljina u tri ponavljanja po slučajnom blok sistemu. Napravljena je 21 smeša sa po 0, 5, 10 do 100% fertilnih biljaka pomešanih sa sterilnom varijantom hibrida ZPSC 341. Kao kontrola, radi pouzdanosti eksperimenta u ogled je uključen orginalni fertilni hibrid ZPSC 341 kao standard tri puta (ZPSC 341 iz ručne oplodnje, ZPSC 341 F1 i ZPSC 341 iz recipročnog ukrštanja). Posmatran je prinos, variranje prinosa i uticaj na prinos učešća fertilne odnosno sterilne citoplazme ispitivanog hibrida. Statistička obrada podataka obuhvatila je analizu varijanse po slučajnom blok sistemu, regresionu i korelacionu analizu prinosa zrna i procenta fertilnih biljaka u hibridu ZPSC 341, kako bi se utvrdile promene prosečnog prinosa zrna u odnosu na procenat učešća sterilnih i fertilnih biljaka. Utvrđeno je u kojoj meri postoji zavisnost procenta fertilnosti na prinos odnosno koji odnos sterilne i fertilne varijante hibrida je ostvario najveći prinos. Analiza rezultata je pokazala da je najveći prosečan prinos bio sa 90% fertilnosri (13,273 t ha-1) za razliku od hibrida sa 10% fertilnosti koji je imao najmanji prosečan prinos (11,510 t ha-1)

Evaluation of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria as starter cultures for production of white pickled and fresh soft cheeses

In order to preserve the traditional manufacturing of white pickled (WPC) and fresh soft cheeses (FSC), well-characterized autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with advantageous characteristics were applied for the production of the cheeses at small industrial scale under the controlled conditions. Selected LAB for design of defined mixed starter cultures belonged to Lactococcus lactis ZGBP5-9, Enterococcus faecium ZGPR1-54 and Lactobacillus plantarum ZGPR2-25 for FSC production and to Lc. lactis BGAL1-4, Lactobacillus brevis BGGO7-28 and Lb. plantarum BGGO7-29 for WPC production. A sensory evaluation indicated that the cheeses obtained by inoculation with selected autochthonous LAB are similar to the traditional cheese and received the best scores. Viable cell counts of LAB used for the production of both type chesses was high, over 10(6) cfu g(-1). High viability of the surveyed strains was supported with PCR-DGGE, which confirm the retention of selected LAB strains as starter cultures in cheese production. Next, PFGE analysis showed that each single strains, selected in particular cheese mixed culture, revealed unique SmaI PFGE pattern that could enable efficient discrimination and monitoring of the strains in industrial process. As some of the selected LAB strains are attributed as potential probiotics, produced cheeses could be considered as functional food