Rheumatic Heart Disease among Pregnant Women with Cardiac Diseases in a Tertiary Care Center of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac disease in pregnancy is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in women, particularly in resource limited countries like Nepal. Rheumatic Heart Disease is the commonest cardiac disease complicating pregnancy. There is very limited data and evidence from Nepal regarding rheumatic heart disease complicating the pregnancy. The study aims to find out the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease among cardiac disease patients in a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 41 women with cardiac disease who delivered babies at Chitwan Medical College from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2019, after taking ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. A convenient sampling method was used. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used for data analysis. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. RESULTS: Among 41 pregnant women with cardiac disease, 32 (78%) (95% Confidence Interval = 65.32-90.68) had rheumatic heart disease. The mean age of the affected pregnant women was 24.9±4.49 years. Out of 32 patients with rheumatic heart disease, postpartum haemorrhage was the most common maternal complication 5 (15.6%) followed by hypertension 4 (9.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Rheumatic Heart Disease was highly common among pregnant women with cardiac disease

Delayed replantation of avulsed permanent maxillary central incisor: Case report with 6‐year follow‐up

Key Clinical Message Replantation should be attempted in any case of avulsion, be it immediate or delayed. Retention of the replanted tooth helps in preservation of adjacent alveolar bone. Despite the occurrence of replacement resorption, the tooth can stay healthy and functional in the arch for a longer duration

Prevalence of Occlusal Traits in the Deciduous Dentition of Children of Kaski District, Nepal

Introduction: The prevalence of occlusal traits varies among various populations. Ethnic, genetic and environmental factors are the major contributors, with a role in the specific cause of malocclusion. The aim of this epidemiological study was to assess the prevalence of occlusal traits in the deciduous dentition of children of Kaski District,Nepal. 
 Methods: A total of 506 children (251 girls, 255 boys), aged 3-5 years, were assessed. The occlusion examination was carried out by three examiners, in the school camps,community dental care centre and general health camps, utilizing a mouih mirror and probe. Intra investigator error was calculated using kappa statistics. The data were analyzed by the statistical program SPSS version 17 using the Chi-square test. 
 Results: The present study studied occlusal traits of 506 children (251 girls, 255 boys), aged 3-5 years. The study result showed that bilateral mesial step seen in 40.3%,bilateral flush terminal plane in 33.5%, bilateral distal steps in 8.5%,mesial step one side and flush terminal other side in 12.7%,mesial step one side and distal step other side in 2.6%,flush terminal one side and distal step other side in 2.4%,anterior crossbite in 3%,posterior crossbite in 0.4% and non-spaced dentition in 20% children. 
 Conclusions: Mesial step was the most prevalent followed by straight terminal plane and the distal terminal plane showed least prevalence. There were diverse traits for malocclusion. There was no significant difference(p>0.05) in occlusal traits between male and female children. 
 Keywords: crossbite; distal step; flush terminal plane; mesial step; occlusion. &#13

Prevalence of Occlusal Traits in the Deciduous Dentition of Children of Kaski District, Nepal

Introduction: The prevalence of occlusal traits varies among various populations. Ethnic, genetic and environmental factors are the major contributors, with a role in the specific cause of malocclusion. The aim of this epidemiological study was to assess the prevalence of occlusal traits in the deciduous dentition of children of Kaski District,Nepal. Methods: A total of 506 children (251 girls, 255 boys), aged 3-5 years, were assessed. The occlusion examination was carried out by three examiners, in the school camps,community dental care centre and general health camps, utilizing a mouih mirror and probe. Intra investigator error was calculated using kappa statistics. The data were analyzed by the statistical program SPSS version 17 using the Chi-square test. Results: The present study studied occlusal traits of 506 children (251 girls, 255 boys), aged 3-5 years. The study result showed that bilateral mesial step seen in 40.3%,bilateral flush terminal plane in 33.5%, bilateral distal steps in 8.5%,mesial step one side and flush terminal other side in 12.7%,mesial step one side and distal step other side in 2.6%,flush terminal one side and distal step other side in 2.4%,anterior crossbite in 3%,posterior crossbite in 0.4% and non-spaced dentition in 20% children. Conclusions: Mesial step was the most prevalent followed by straight terminal plane and the distal terminal plane showed least prevalence. There were diverse traits for malocclusion. There was no significant difference(p>0.05) in occlusal traits between male and female children.  Keywords: crossbite; distal step; flush terminal plane; mesial step; occlusion.

Analysis of Biodegradable Films of Starch from Potato Waste

Starch was extracted from potato wastes and its peels to prepare bio-degradable films using glycerol and sorbitol at various concentrations of 35%, 45% and 55 (w/w) of dry starch. The properties of films prepared with modification techniques (hydrothermal treatment (HTT) and acid-alcohol treatment (AAT)) were analyzed. Biodegradability test was done by incubating with amylolytic bacteria (Bacillus lichneformis and Streptococcus bovis) for 24 hours and fungi (Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer) for 72 hours. All microbial species were isolated from soil except S. bovis which was from calf stool and identified by conventional methods. The properties of modified starches were significantly different from non-treated starches. Tensile strength (10 N/m2) and elongation (9.47%) were significantly (p<0.05) superior in HTT starch films whereas solubility (25.8%) was superior in AAT starch films.  Elongation (8.91%) and solubility (29.98%) were significantly (p<0.05) superior in 35% and 55% glycerol used films respectively but tensile strength (13.02 N/m2) was superior in 35% sorbitol used films. WVTR (999 g/m2/d) was higher at 91% RH in 55% glycerol used films. Micro-organisms used showed a significant effect (p<0.05) on biodegradation of starch based films. Highest degradation was observed by B. lichneformis i.e, 57.85% while A. niger had minimum of 25.13%. Films prepared with 35% glycerol was significantly (P<0.05) degraded by B. lichneformis i.e, 78.86%. Films prepared by using glycerol with acid alcohol treatment was significantly (P<0.05) degraded by S. bovis (55.57%). Although the starch of same variety of potato waste was not studied, results of the study suggest possibility of preparation of starch based bio degradable films potato waste and its peels by using glycerol and sorbitol

Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a pediatric patient: A typical presentation with oral manifestations

Key Clinical Message Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare hematological disorder characterized by abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells. Head and neck region is commonly involved with oral manifestations appearing first in many instances. A thorough knowledge of the disorder and an interdisciplinary approach warrant for the better outcome of the condition