Masking thiol reactivity with thioamide, thiourea, and thiocarbamate-based MBPs.

Thioamides, thioureas, and thiocarbamates are introduced as stable, sulfur-based metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) for use in metalloenzyme fragment-based drug discovery (mFBDD). MBP reactivity, bioactivity, and structural studies show that these molecules can act as ligands for Zn(II)-dependent metalloenzymes including human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)

Structural Studies of Inhibitors with Clinically Relevant Influenza Endonuclease Variants

Vital to the treatment of influenza is the use of antivirals such as Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza); however, antiviral resistance is becoming an increasing problem for these therapeutics. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase acidic N-terminal (PAN) endonuclease, a critical component of influenza viral replication machinery, is an antiviral target that was recently validated with the approval of Baloxavir Marboxil (BXM). Despite its clinical success, BXM has demonstrated susceptibility to resistance mutations, specifically the I38T, E23K, and A36 V mutants of PAN. To better understand the effects of these mutations on BXM resistance and improve the design of more robust therapeutics, this study examines key differences in protein-inhibitor interactions with two inhibitors and the I38T, E23K, and A36 V mutants. Differences in inhibitor binding were evaluated by measuring changes in binding to PAN using two biophysical methods. The binding mode of two distinct inhibitors was determined crystallographically with both wild-type and mutant forms of PAN. Collectively, these studies give some insight into the mechanism of antiviral resistance of these mutants

19 F-Tagged metal binding pharmacophores for NMR screening of metalloenzymes

This study demonstrates the screening of a collection of twelve 19F-tagged metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) against the Zn(ii)-dependent metalloenzyme human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) by 19F NMR. The isomorphous replacement of Zn(ii) by Co(ii) in hCAII produces enhanced sensitivity and reveals the potential of 19F NMR-based techniques for metalloenzyme ligand discovery

Structural Studies of Inhibitors with Clinically Relevant Influenza Endonuclease Variants

Vital to the treatment of influenza is the use of antivirals such as Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza); however, antiviral resistance is becoming an increasing problem for these therapeutics. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase acidic N-terminal (PAN) endonuclease, a critical component of influenza viral replication machinery, is an antiviral target that was recently validated with the approval of Baloxavir Marboxil (BXM). Despite its clinical success, BXM has demonstrated susceptibility to resistance mutations, specifically the I38T, E23K, and A36 V mutants of PAN. To better understand the effects of these mutations on BXM resistance and improve the design of more robust therapeutics, this study examines key differences in protein–inhibitor interactions with two inhibitors and the I38T, E23K, and A36 V mutants. Differences in inhibitor binding were evaluated by measuring changes in binding to PAN using two biophysical methods. The binding mode of two distinct inhibitors was determined crystallographically with both wild-type and mutant forms of PAN. Collectively, these studies give some insight into the mechanism of antiviral resistance of these mutants

Development of Human Carbonic Anhydrase II Heterobifunctional Degraders

Human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) is a metalloenzyme essential to critical physiological processes in the body. hCA inhibitors are used clinically for the treatment of indications ranging from glaucoma to epilepsy. Targeted protein degraders have emerged as a promising means of inducing the degradation of disease-implicated proteins by using the endogenous quality control mechanisms of a cell. Here, a series of heterobifunctional degrader candidates targeting hCAII were developed from a simple aryl sulfonamide fragment. Degrader candidates were functionalized to produce either cereblon E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRBN) recruiting proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) or adamantyl-based hydrophobic tags (HyTs). Screens in HEK293 cells identified two PROTAC small-molecule degraders of hCA. Optimization of linker length and composition yielded a degrader with sub-nanomolar potency and sustained depletion of hCAII over prolonged treatments. Mechanistic studies suggest that this optimized degrader depletes hCAII through the same mechanism as previously reported CRBN-recruiting heterobifunctional degraders

Carboxylic Acid Isostere Derivatives of Hydroxypyridinones as Core Scaffolds for Influenza Endonuclease Inhibitors

Among the most important influenza virus targets is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase acidic N-terminal (PAN) endonuclease, which is a critical component of the viral replication machinery. To inhibit the activity of this metalloenzyme, small-molecule inhibitors employ metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) that coordinate to the dinuclear Mn2+ active site. In this study, several metal-binding isosteres (MBIs) were examined where the carboxylic acid moiety of a hydroxypyridinone MBP is replaced with other groups to modulate the physicochemical properties of the compound. MBIs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit PAN using a FRET-based enzymatic assay, and their mode of binding in PAN was determined using X-ray crystallography

Carboxylic Acid Isostere Derivatives of Hydroxypyridinones as Core Scaffolds for Influenza Endonuclease Inhibitors

Among the most important influenza virus targets is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase acidic N-terminal (PAN) endonuclease, which is a critical component of the viral replication machinery. To inhibit the activity of this metalloenzyme, small-molecule inhibitors employ metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) that coordinate to the dinuclear Mn2+ active site. In this study, several metal-binding isosteres (MBIs) were examined where the carboxylic acid moiety of a hydroxypyridinone MBP is replaced with other groups to modulate the physicochemical properties of the compound. MBIs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit PAN using a FRET-based enzymatic assay, and their mode of binding in PAN was determined using X-ray crystallography