Efikasnost tehnike kulture antera u proizvodnji dvostrukih haploida pšenice

The objective of the study was to investigate efficiency of anther culture in the production of spontaneous double haploids from randomly selected heterozygous genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Anthers of 20 F1 wheat combinations were grown in vitro on a modified Potato-2 medium. All of the examined genotypes have shown the ability to produce pollen calluses as well as to regenerate green plants. On average for the whole experiment material, 47.2 calluses were produced per 100 cultured anthers. The green plant regeneration ranged from 0.8 to 13.4 green plants per spike, with an overall mean of 5.8. From the total of 582 regenerated green plants, 47.9% (279) were spontaneous double haploids. The final average yield from the study was 2.8 double haploids per spike.Cilj rada bio je da se ispita efikasnost kulture antera u proizvodnji spontanih dvostrukih haploida iz slučajno odabranih heterozigotnih genotipova pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.). Antere iz 20 F1 kombinacija pšenice gajene su in vitro na modifikovanoj Potato-2 podlozi. Svi ispitivani genotipovi pokazali su sposobnost da proizvedu kaluse, kao i da regenerišu zelene biljke. U proseku za ceo eksperimentalni materijal, proizvedena su 47.2 kalusa na 100 izolovanih antera. Regeneracija zelenih biljaka kretala se od 0.8 do 13.4 zelene biljke po klasu, sa ukupnim prosekom od 5.8. Od ukupno 582 regenerisane zelene biljke, 47.9% (279) bile su spontani dvostruki haploidi. U proseku, u ovom istraživanju, proizvedeno je 2.8 DH biljaka po klasu

Eksperimentalno utvrđena dužina trajanja, prosečni i maksimalni intenzitet nalivanja zrna genotipova pšenice različite ranostasnosti

Grain yields of wheat (Triticum aestivitm L) are influenced partly by final grain dry weight, which is largely determined by the rate and duration of the grain filling process. A study was undertaken to compare the observed final grain dry weight of five groups of wheat genotypes differing in earliness (extra early, medium early, medium late, late and a control group of high yielding NS cultivars) with the observed duration and average and maximum rates of grain filling in two different environments. Correlation coefficients were used to determine which grain filling parameter had more influence on final grain dry weight, in an environment common for our country (2002), final grain dry weight was strongly positively correlated with the average and maximum rates and strongly negatively correlated with the duration of grain filling. The medium late and control groups had the highest final grain dry weights. Correlations between final grain dry weight and the duration and average rate of grain filling were positive in an unfavorable environment (2001). The NS cultivars and extra early genotypes had the highest final grain dry-weights. The rate and duration of grain filling are usually negatively correlated. The influence of grain filling parameters on final grain dry weight is not the same in different environments, so the ability of the genotype to compensate for the low grain filling rate with grain fill prolongation in unfavorable environments might be more important. The observed average grain filling rate is probably more important as a parameter for describing these processes than the maximum one.Prinos zrna pšenice (Triticnm aestivum L) je delom uslovljen krajnjom masom suvog zrelog zrna. koja je u velikoj meri određena intenzitetom i dužinom trajanja procesa nalivanja zrna. Cilj istraživanja je poređenje eksperimentalno utvrđene krajnje mase suvog zrelog zrna 5 grupa genotipova pšenice različite ranostasnosti (ekstra rane, srednje rane, srednje kasne kasne i kontrolna grupa najprinosnijih NS sorti) sa eksperimentalno utvrđenim prosečnim i maksimalnim intenzitetom, te dužinom trajanja nalivanja zrna u različitim uslovima sredine. Korelacioni koeficijenti su upotrebljeni u pokušaju da se odredi koji parametar nalivanja zrna ima veći uticaj na krajnju masu suvog zrelog zrna. U kod nas uobičajenim uslovima sredine (2002) je krajnja masa suvog zrelog zrna bila u jakim pozitivnim vezama sa prosečnim i maksimalnim intenzitetom i u jakoj negativnoj vezi sa dužinom trajanja nalivanja zrna. Najveće krajnje mase suvih zrelih zrna postigli su srednje kasni i genotipovi kontrolne grupe. Korelacije između krajnje mase suvog zrelog zrna i dužine trajanja, te prosecnog intenziteta nalivanja zrna su bile značajno pozitivne u nepovoljnim uslovima sredine (2001). Novosadske sorte i ekstra rani genotipovi su imali najveće mase suvih zrelih zrna. Intenzitet i dužina trajanja nalivanja zrna su obično u negativnoj korelaciji. Uticaj parametara nalivanja zrna na krajnju masu suvog zrelog zrna nije jednak u različitim uslovima sredine, tako da bi mogla biti bitnija sposobnost genotipa da u nepovoljnim uslovima sredine niske intenzitete nalivanja zrna nadomesti produženjem akumulacije suve materije. Za opisivanje ovih procesa bi prosečni intenzitet nalivanja zrna mogao biti važniji parametar od maksimalnog

Genotipska specifičnost F1 hibrida pšenice u pogledu proizvodnje dvostrukih haploida metodom kulture antera

The objective of the study was to investigate the production of homozygous doubled haploid (DH) lines from heterozygous genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using an anther culture. Anthers were isolated from 20 randomly selected F1 wheat combinations and grown in vitro on a modified Potato-2 inductive medium. Plant regeneration was performed on the modified 190-2 medium. The results have shown that all genotypes had the ability to produce pollen calli, as well as, to regenerate green plants. The hybrid Mex.3 x MV 18 had the highest value for androgenous capacity (40.6%), while the combination Kutječanka x Slavija had the lowest androgenous capacity (6.3%). The average androgenous capacity of all genotypes was 19.4%. The regeneration frequency ranged from 1.3 to 21.6 green plants per 100 isolated anthers, with an overall mean of 9.6%. Out of a total of 582 regenerated green plants 279 (47.9%) were spontaneous double haploids. The average production of double haploids of wheat in this study amounted to 4.6 per 100 cultured anthers.Cilj rada bio je da se ispita mogućnost proizvodnje homozigotnih linija dvostrukih haploida (DH) iz heterozigotnih genotipova pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.) korišćenjem kulture antera. Antere su izolovane iz 20 slučajno odabranih F1 kombinacija pšenice i gajene u kulturi in vitro na modifikovanoj potato-2 indukcionoj podlozi. Regeneracija biljaka vršena je na modifikovanoj 190-2 podlozi. Rezultati su pokazali da su svi genotipovi posedovali sposobnost da proizvedu kaluse iz polena, kao i da regenerišu zelene biljke. Hibrid Mex.3 x MV 18 je imao najvišu vrednost za androgeni kapacitet (40,6%), dok je kombinacija Kutječanka x Slavija imala najniži androgeni kapacitet (6,3%). Prosečan androgeni kapacitet za sve genotipove bio je 19,4%. Frekvencija za regeneraciju zelenih biljaka kretala se od 1,3 do 21,6 zelenih biljaka na 100 izolovanih antera, sa prosekom od 9,6%. Od ukupno 582 regenerisane zelene biljke, 279 (47,9%) su bile spontani dvostruki haploidi. U ovom istraživanju prosečno je proizvedeno 4,6 dvostrukih haploida pšenice na 100 izolovanih antera

Parametri nalivanja zrna visokoprinosnih ns sorti pšenice

Grain yield of wheat is dependent on grain weight, which is the result of grain filling duration and rate. The study was undertaken to examine the relation between grain weight and rate and duration of grain filling in five high-yielding NS wheat cultivars. Stepwise multivariate analysis of nonlinear regression estimated grain filling parameters was used to examine cultivar differences in grain filling. On the basis of three-year average, the highest grain dry weight had cultivar Renesansa, and the lightest grains were measured for cultivar Evropa 90. Stepwise multivariate analysis indicated that all three nonlinear regression estimated parameters (grain weight, rate and duration of grain filling) were equally important in characterizing the grain filling curves of the cultivars studied, although sequence of their significance varied in different years, which is probably caused by different environmental conditions in three years of experiment.Prinos pšenice zavisi od mase zrna, koja je rezultat dužine i intenziteta nalivanja zrna. Cilj rada je bio ispitivanje veza između mase zrna i intenziteta i dužine nalivanja zrna kod pet visokoprinosnih NS sorti pšenice. Stepnjise multivarijaciona analiza nelinearnom regresijom procenjenih parametara nalivanja zrna je upotrebljena da se ispitaju razlike među sortama u pogledu nalivanja zrna. U trogodišnjem proseku je najveću masu zrna imala sorta Renesansa dok su najlakša zrna izmerena kod sorte Evropa 90. Stepnjise multivarijaciona analiza je pokazala da su sva tri nelinearnom regresijom procenjena parametra (masa zrna, intenzitet i dužina nalivanja zrna) jednako značajna za karakterizaciju krivih nalivanja zrna proučavanih sorti, mada je redosled značajnosti varirao u različitim godinama. Ovome su verovatno uzrok različiti uslovi sredine kojima su proučavane sorte bile izložene tokom tri godine eksperimenta

Visoka produkcija dvostrukih haploida pšenice korišćenjem kulture antera

Androgenous and regeneration abilities of 14 randomly selected F1 hybrids of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were analyzed. Anthers were grown in vitro on a modified Potato-2 inductive medium. The hybrid NS111-95/Ana had the highest average values for androgenous capacity (33%) and callus yield (119%), while the hybrid NS 92-250/Tiha had the lowest values for these traits (9 and 21%, respectively). Seven genotypes (50%) had a frequency of green plants relative to the number of isolated anthers of over 10%, with the highest frequency of 21.3% (NS111-95/Sremica). This hybrid produced 12.8 doubled haploid (DH) lines per spike used for isolation. In the other genotypes, the number of produced DH lines per spike ranged from 1 (30­Sc.Smoc.88-89/Hays-2) to 11.2 (NS111-95/Ana). As half of the randomly selected genotypes exhibited high green plant regeneration ability and a high production of DH lines per spike, it can be concluded that in vitro anther culture can be successfully used in breeding programs for rapid production of homozygous wheat lines.Analizirana je androgena i regeneraciona sposobnost 14 slučajno odabranih F1 hibrida pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.). Antere su gajene u in vitro uslovima na modifikovanoj Potatao-2 podlozi. Hibrid NS111-95/Ana imao je najviše prosečne vrednosti za androgeni kapacitet (33%) i prinos kalusa (119%), dok je hibrid NS 92-250/Tiha imao najniže vrednosti za ove osobine (9% i 21%). Sedam genotipova (50%) imalo je frekvenciju zelenih biljaka u odnosu na broj izolovanih antera preko 10%, sa najvišom vrednošću od 21.3% (NS11­95/Sremica). Kod istog hibrida (NS11-95/Sremica) proizvedeno je 12.8 linija dvostrukih haploida (DH) po klasu, korišćenom za izolaciju. Kod drugih genotipova, broj proizvedenih DH linija po klasu varirao je od 1 (30-Sc.Smoc.88­89/Hays-2) do 11.2 (NS111-95/Ana). S obzirom na to da je polovina slučajno odabranih genotipova ispoljila visoku sposobnost za regeneraciju zelenih biljaka i visoku produkciju DH linija po klasu, in vitro kultura antera može se uspešno koristiti u oplemenjivačkim programima za brzu proizvodnju homozigotnih linija pšenice

Parametri nalivanja zrna i komponente prinosa pšenice

Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is influenced by number of grains per unit area and grain weight, which is result of grain filling duration and rate. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between grain filling parameters in 4 wheat genotypes of different earliness and yield components. Nonlinear regression estimated and observed parameters were analyzed. Rang of estimated parameters corresponds to rang of observed parameters. Stepwise MANOVA indicated that the final grain dry weight, rate and duration of grain filling were important parameters in differentiating among cultivars grain filling curves. The yield was positively correlated with number of grains/m2, grain weight and grain filling rate, and negatively correlated with grain filling duration. Correlation between grain weight and rate of grain filling was positive. Grain filling duration was negatively correlated with grain filling rate and number of grains/m2. The highest yield on three year average had medium late Mironovska 808, by the highest grain weight and grain filling rate and optimal number of grains/2 and grain filling duration.Prinos pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.) određuju broj zrna po jedinici površine i masa zrna, koja je rezultat dužine i intenziteta nalivanja zrna. Ogled je izveden u cilju ispitivanja veza parametara nalivanja zrna 4 genotipa pšenice različitog vremena stasavanja i komponenti prinosa. Analizirani su nelinearnom regresijom procenjeni i eksperimentalno utvrđeni parametri nalivanja zrna. Rang procenjenih odgovara rangu eksperimentalno utvrđenih parametara. Stepwise MANOVA-om su kao značajni parametri koji uslovljavaju razlike među krivama nalivanja zrna analiziranih genotipova izdvojeni masa zrna, intenzitet i dužina nalivanja zrna. Zabeležena je pozitivna korelacija prinosa i broja zrna/m2, mase zrna i intenziteta nalivanja zrna, kao i negativna korelacija sa dužinom nalivanja zrna. Između mase zrna i intenziteta nalivanja zrna je utvrđena pozitivna korelacija. Dužina nalivanja zrna je bila u negativnoj korelaciji sa intenzitetom nalivanja zrna i brojem zrna/m2. Najveći prinos je u trogodišnjem prošeku ostvarila srednje kasna Mironovska 808, sa najvećim intenzitetom nalivanja i masom zrna i optimalnim brojem zrna/m2 i dužinom nalivanja zrna

Organization of wheat genetic resources in collections

In this paper we outlined our approach in organizing wheat germplasm, where the breeders evaluate and use the collections. Wheat germplasm was organized in three levels. World collection (whole collection) comprises 2,576 accessions. The collection was preliminarily evaluated for some important characters. The next level is genetic collection (core collection) with 850-900 entries. Genetic collection is grouped in subunits according to the traits considering important for breeding. The evaluation in the genetic collection is highly intensive and it includes more than 50 characters. The third level of wheat genetic resources is Crossing collection. This collection is strictly connected with breeding and comprises (250- 300) potential parents intended for crossing

The Maintenance and Exploitation of ex situ Genebank Collections – Association Mapping for Flowering Time in Wheat

It is estimated that world-wide existing germplasm collections contain about 7.4 million accessions of plant genetic resources. Wheat (Triticum and Aegilops) represents the biggest group with about 900,000 accessions. One of the largest ex situ genebanks worldwide is located at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research in Gatersleben, Germany. This collection comprises wild and primitive forms, landraces as well as old and more recent cultivars of mainly cereals but also other crops. As on the global scale wheat is the largest group having almost 30,000 accessions. Beside the long term storage and frequent regeneration of the material phenotypic characterisation and evaluation data are collected as a prerequisite for gene identification and mapping. We report the outcome of an association-based mapping study to elucidate the genetic basis of flowering time in winter wheat. A core collection of 96 cultivars was subjected to a genome-wide scan using diversity array technology markers. The same set of accessions had been earlier evaluated for flowering time over six consecutive seasons. Some of the resulting marker-trait associations (MTAs) mapped to chromosomal locations in which known major genes affecting flowering time are known to reside. However, most of the MTAs identified genomic locations where no such genes are known to map, so providing new opportunities to exploit genetic variation for flowering time in wheat breeding programmes

Hagberg Falling Number and Rheological Properties of Wheat Cultivars in Wet and Dry Preharvest Periods

The effects of dry and wet preharvest periods on Hagberg falling number (HFN), a parameter of alpha-amylase activity, and rheological properties including farinograph dough development time (FDT), farinograph absorption (FA), resistance to extension (RE), loaf volume (LV) and baking score (BS) were examined in 30 hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars originating from 19 countries. The cultivars were grown in the field in 2000 - 2010 and HEN and theological properties were analyzed for three replicates. The cultivars were divided into three groups according to BIN in the wet preharvest period: HFN below 150 s (group H-1), HEN from 250 to 350 s (group H-2), and BIN over 400 s (group H-3). The cultivars in group H-3 were superior to those in either group H-1 or H-2 in all rheological properties except RE. In the dry preharvest periods, HFN was not correlated with rheological properties, while in the wet preharvest period HEN showed a highly significant positive correlation with FDT and BS. The canonical variate analysis for assessment of the general performance of all cultivars with HFN as the main factor and the other rheological properties as subfactors, indicated that the cultivars Stepnaja 30, Garazinko, Kirac, Klein Forten and Zitarka showed the highest potential regardless of preharvest rainfall amounts. In conclusion, differential genetic expression of resistance to preharvest sprouting, maintenance of low alpha amylase level, high HEN values, maintenance of theological properties, and baking performance can be reliably detected and measured under wet preharvest conditions

In vitro evaluacija tolerantnosti genotipova pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.) prema boru

Wheat tolerance to high boron concentrations was determined using mature embryo culture. The testing was performed on a modified MS nutrient medium to which boric acid was added in two concentrations: 15 mM and 30 mM. The control medium contained no excess boric acid. The experiment involved 14 Serbian varieties. After one month of cultivation callus fresh weight (CFW) was measured and reductions of fresh callus weight (RFCW) at boron (B) concentration of 15 mM in relation to the control were calculated. The genotypes differed significantly according to their reaction to different B concentrations. Six genotypes had RFCWs below 50.0 %, while eight genotypes had RFCWs above 50.1 %. Cultivars Nevesinjka and Pesma were considered the most tolerant genotypes, while cultivars Balada and Vila were the most sensitive. The results confirmed that differences in genotype reactions to excess B are visible at the cellular level and that they may serve as a selection criterion.Tolerantnost pšenice prema visokim koncentracijama bora ispitana je primenom kulture zrelog embriona. Testiranje je vršeno na modifikovanoj MS hranljivoj podlozi, kojoj je borna kiselina dodata u dve koncentracije: 15 mM i 30 mM. Kontrolna podloga nije sadržala bornu kiselinu u suvišku. Eksperiment je izveden na 14 sorti pšenice proizvedenih u Srbiji. Posle mesec dana gajenja na podlogama izmerena je sveža masa kalusa (SMK) i izračunata redukcija sveže mase kalusa (RSMK) na podlozi sa 15 mM borne kiseline, u odnosu na kontrolu. Genotipovi su se značajno razlikovali u pogledu njihove reakcije na različite koncentracije bora. Šest genotipova imalo je RSMK ispod 50,0 %, dok je osam genotipova imalo RSMK iznad 50,1 %. Sorte Nevesinjka i Pesma ocenjene su kao najtolerantnije, dok su sorte Balada i Vila bile najosetljivije na prisustvo bora u podlozi. Rezultati su potvrdili da su reakcije genotipova pšenice na suvišak bora vidljive i na ćelijskom nivou, te da se ova reakcija može koristiti kao selekcioni kriterijum za procenu tolerantnosti na bor