Strömungsbeeinflussung in Flüssigmetallen durch rotierende und wandernde Magnetfelder

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, Rühr- und Mischungsvorgänge in Flüssigmetallströmungen zu untersuchen, die mittels rotierender und wandernder Magnetfelder bzw. deren Kombination induziert werden. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Charakterisierung der dreidimensionalen Strömungsstrukturen innerhalb zylindrischer Geometrien bei der Verwendung überkritischer Magnetfelder. Neben der Untersuchung der Strömungseigenschaften stellen die physikalische Modellierung der angreifenden Kräfte, die geeignete Wahl und Validierung eines effizienten numerischen Lösungsverfahrens und dessen Erweiterung für die Durchführung von Large Eddy Simulationen wesentliche Eckpfeiler dieser Arbeit dar

Efficient redundancy selection for processor components to compensate permanent faults

Die stetige Skalierung von Fertigungstechnologien sorgte für einen rasanten Anstieg der Komplexität und damit auch der Verarbeitungsleistung von integrierten Schaltungen. Dies führte auch zu höheren Anforderungen an die Entwurfs- und Produktionsprozesse für diese Systeme. Zusätzlich dazu steigern Strukturen im Nanometerbereich die Anfälligkeit gegenüber physikalischen Effekten, welche sich in temporären und zunehmend auch dauerhaften Störungen der Funktionalität äußern können. Der Einsatz von Fehlertoleranz ist für diese komplexen Systeme nicht wegzudenken und wird für zukünftige anfälligere Fertigungstechnologien noch relevanter. In dieser Arbeit wird eine skalierbare Architektur zur Kompensation dauerhafter Störungen für beliebige Prozessorkomponenten vorgestellt. Der Einsatz dieser Architektur ist unabhängig von der Fehlerursache und kann sowohl direkt nach der Produktion als auch während des Einsatzes im Zielsystem genutzt werden. Durch die Verwendung dieser Architektur, auf aktiver Hardware-Redundanz basierend, ist eine Steigerung der Zuverlässigkeit, der Lebensdauer aber auch der Produktionsausbeute bei gleichbleibender Funktionalität möglich. Mit der Modellierung in dieser Arbeit wird die Effizienz der vorgestellten Architektur, unter Berücksichtigung der zusätzlichen Hardware für Redundanz und der notwendigen administrativen Komponenten, ermittelt und ermöglicht damit einen zielgerichteten Auswahlprozess für Prozessorkomponenten und die Menge ihrer Redundanz. Somit wird die optimale Redundanz für ein gegebenes System und ein zu erreichendes Ziel bereits im Entwurfsprozess bestimmtund kann damit frühzeitig bei der Umsetzung berücksichtigt werden. Neben der Beschreibung des Aufbaus der Architektur und ihrer Funktionsweise zeigt diese Arbeit wie sich eine Integration in bestehende Entwurfsprozesse mit gängigen Methoden und Werkzeugen realisieren lässt. Zusätzlich dazu wird die Systemmodellierung zur Realisierung des zielgerichteten Auswahlprozesses beschrieben. Anhand eines Anwendungsbeispiels wird die Möglichkeit der Umsetzung aufgezeigt und die daraus resultierenden Ergebnisse diskutiert.Steadily downscaling of production technologies led to a rapid increase in complexity and computing power of integrated circuits. This development raises also the requirements of design- and production processes of those systems. Structures in the nanometer regime enhance the susceptibility against physical effects, which can cause temporal and evermore also permanent faults. The usage of fault tolerance became essential for those complex systems and will be even more crucial in future technologies. This thesis presents a scalable hardware architecture for permanent fault compensation in arbitrary processor components. The utilization of this architecture is independent to the fault cause and is therefore suitable for fault compensation after production as well as in the field. Through the application of this architecture, based on active hardware redundancy, a gain in reliability, mean-lifetime and production yield is possible, while functionality is not degraded. System modeling in this thesis enables efficiency calculations for the presented architecture considering the additional hardware for redundancy and their administrative components. Therefore an efficient selection process for processor components and their amount of redundancy is possible. Consequently, the optimal amount of redundancy for a preexisting system and an objective to achieve can be calculated and is furthermore available early in the design process. Towards describing structure as well as functionality of the architecture this thesis show that the integration in existing design processes with usual methods and tools is possible. The used system modeling, which realizes the redundancy selection process, is described as well. Finally, an application example is used to exhibit the practicability of the presented approach. The resulting efficiency and the required costs of this approach for the chosen example are discussed, too

Magnetic Characterization of the Nugget Microstructure at Resistance Spot Welding

Conventional resistance spot welds are not visible from the outside. Therefore, it is not straightforward to evaluate the joint quality non-destructively. The pulse-echo method of manual ultrasonic is widely used for non-destructive testing. Another option is the passive magnetic flux density testing, which is being developed at Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. The spot weld is magnetized in the normal direction and the residual magnetic flux density is measured on top of the surface of the joint. This method is suitable for spot welds on typical car body steels. Previous investigations show that the magnetic properties of the materials influence the test result. In order to develop this new non-destructive testing method further, it is necessary to know the magnetic properties of the different microstructure regions of a spot weld. This article focuses on methods to measure and evaluate the magnetic properties of these regions, especially of the base material and the weld. Different measuring methods and approaches are presented and compared with each other. Based on the results, recommendations for future measurements for magnetic characterizations are given

Effect of eplerenone on parathyroid hormone levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Increasing evidence suggests the bidirectional interplay between parathyroid hormone and aldosterone as an important mechanism behind the increased risk of cardiovascular damage and bone disease observed in primary hyperparathyroidism. Our primary object is to assess the efficacy of the mineralocorticoid receptor-blocker eplerenone to reduce parathyroid hormone secretion in patients with parathyroid hormone excess.</p> <p>Methods/design</p> <p>Overall, 110 adult male and female patients with primary hyperparathyroidism will be randomly assigned to eplerenone (25 mg once daily for 4 weeks and 4 weeks with 50 mg once daily after dose titration] or placebo, over eight weeks. Each participant will undergo detailed clinical assessment, including anthropometric evaluation, 24-h ambulatory arterial blood pressure monitoring, echocardiography, kidney function and detailed laboratory determination of biomarkers of bone metabolism and cardiovascular disease.</p> <p>The study comprises the following exploratory endpoints: mean change from baseline to week eight in (1) parathyroid hormone(1–84) as the primary endpoint and (2) 24-h systolic and diastolic ambulatory blood pressure levels, NT-pro-BNP, biomarkers of bone metabolism, 24-h urinary protein/albumin excretion and echocardiographic parameters reflecting systolic and diastolic function as well as cardiac dimensions, as secondary endpoints.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>In view of the reciprocal interaction between aldosterone and parathyroid hormone and the potentially ensuing target organ damage, the EPATH trial is designed to determine whether eplerenone, compared to placebo, will effectively impact on parathyroid hormone secretion and improve cardiovascular, renal and bone health in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>ISRCTN33941607</p

Metabolomic Analyses of Plasma Reveals New Insights into Asphyxia and Resuscitation in Pigs

Currently, a limited range of biochemical tests for hypoxia are in clinical use. Early diagnostic and functional biomarkers that mirror cellular metabolism and recovery during resuscitation are lacking. We hypothesized that the quantification of metabolites after hypoxia and resuscitation would enable the detection of markers of hypoxia as well as markers enabling the monitoring and evaluation of resuscitation strategies.Hypoxemia of different durations was induced in newborn piglets before randomization for resuscitation with 21% or 100% oxygen for 15 min or prolonged hyperoxia. Metabolites were measured in plasma taken before and after hypoxia as well as after resuscitation. Lactate, pH and base deficit did not correlate with the duration of hypoxia. In contrast to these, we detected the ratios of alanine to branched chained amino acids (Ala/BCAA; R(2).adj = 0.58, q-value<0.001) and of glycine to BCAA (Gly/BCAA; R(2).adj = 0.45, q-value<0.005), which were highly correlated with the duration of hypoxia. Combinations of metabolites and ratios increased the correlation to R(2)adjust = 0.92. Reoxygenation with 100% oxygen delayed cellular metabolic recovery. Reoxygenation with different concentrations of oxygen reduced lactate levels to a similar extent. In contrast, metabolites of the Krebs cycle (which is directly linked to mitochondrial function) including alpha keto-glutarate, succinate and fumarate were significantly reduced at different rates depending on the resuscitation, showing a delay in recovery in the 100% reoxygenation groups. Additional metabolites showing different responses to reoxygenation include oxysterols and acylcarnitines (n = 8-11, q<0.001).This study provides a novel strategy and set of biomarkers. It provides biochemical in vivo data that resuscitation with 100% oxygen delays cellular recovery. In addition, the oxysterol increase raises concerns about the safety of 100% O(2) resuscitation. Our biomarkers can be used in a broad clinical setting for evaluation or the prediction of damage in conditions associated with low tissue oxygenation in both infancy and adulthood. These findings have to be validated in human trials

Prenatal exposures and exposomics of asthma

This review examines the causal investigation of preclinical development of childhood asthma using exposomic tools. We examine the current state of knowledge regarding early-life exposure to non-biogenic indoor air pollution and the developmental modulation of the immune system. We examine how metabolomics technologies could aid not only in the biomarker identification of a particular asthma phenotype, but also the mechanisms underlying the immunopathologic process. Within such a framework, we propose alternate components of exposomic investigation of asthma in which, the exposome represents a reiterative investigative process of targeted biomarker identification, validation through computational systems biology and physical sampling of environmental medi