Some XBT-observations on the thermal structure of theWarmwassersphäre in equatorial and lower latitudes of the eastern Atlantic

Two megameter long XBT sections passing through the Atlantic between the Iberian Peninsula and the equatorial Brazilian shelf, and between the Peninsula and the Cape region of South Africa were obtained during supply cruises to the antarctic in November 1980 and March 1981. Most of the individual probes reached an observation depth of nearly 800 m allowing statements on the thermal stratification and zonation of theWarmwassersphäre in the open ocean. Our new data are compared with a number of earlier long sections. As a general result we identify five zones dividing different hydrographic regions. Zone 1 is characterized by the clear influence of the Mediternean Undercurrent on the lower boundary of theWarmwasserphäre creating nearly thermostatic conditions below 300 m off Portugal. The adjacent zone 2 is identical with the Subtropical Convergence, where theWarmwassersphäre reaches its maximum depth (15°C isotherm at about 300 m). We call the equatorial region zone 3 and present an improved scheme of its current system and its thermal stratification. Zone 4 is marked by the Benguela Current and its northern extension. In a final zone 5 we show the influence of the Agulhas Current extension on the stratification

Feinstrukturen in der jahreszeitlichen Sprungschicht im JASIN-Gebiet

SIGLETIB: RN 3292 (133) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

MASCUP! Mask Surveillance & Adherence Project @ Stockton University

Stockton University was one of over 50 Colleges and Universities across the nation to participate in a study sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control to gauge compliance with mask wearing during the Spring 2021 semester. Five undergraduate Public Health students supervised by a Public Health Faculty member, observed mask wearing behaviors of individuals on campus over an 8-week period of time. Observations ranged from 40-90 minutes at various times of day and at 15 different locations on campus. During that time there were a total of 2,548 observations, of which 2,357 people were wearing masks. Of that group, 92.5%, were wearing the mask correctly. Other variables that were observed and recorded were type of mask and how masks were worn incorrectly along with possible explanations for this mistake. Results indicate the most common type of mask was cloth, with more than half (54%), while the most common mistake was not covering the nose. Although observers were unable to determine the exact reason, the following were observed for those not wearing masks from most to least: eating / drinking, then, outdoors / not within 6 ft of anyone, and finally exercise / playing a sport. Lastly, Stockton’s results are compared to all institutions that participated in the study

Scientific cruise report Elisabeth Mann-Borgese SUMMIX-MESO

Objectives: It was intended to investigate the meso-scale and sub-meso-scale dynamics of the upper layers (upper 80 m) in the central Baltic Sea, using towed instruments and acoustic profilers, to better understand the physical conditions for cyanobacteria blooms. Under optimal weather conditions, we intended to carry out 10 one-day quasi-synoptic surveys by cruising in large meandering patterns (see fig. 1) covering areas of 15 X 15 nautical miles or 8 X 8 nautical miles, depending on the survey mode, see below. This cruise was the meso-scale component of the two-ship SUMMIX experiment together with RV Meteor (Physical and biochemical exchange-, mixing- and transformation processes in the central Baltic Sea during summer stratification and their controls on the cyanobacterial summer bloom) which was intended to be located at a fixed position nearby RV Elisabeth Mann Borgese in order to survey the water column in high vertical, spatial and parameter resolution, including biogeochemical experiments on board. In addition to the physical parameters, also vertical and horizontal zooplankton net tows as well as water samples taken by CTD bottles were planned

Salinity inversions in the thermocline under upwelling favorable winds

This paper discusses and explains the phenomenon of salinity inversions in the thermocline offshore from an upwelling region during upwelling favorable winds. Using the nontidal central Baltic Sea as an easily accessible natural laboratory, high-resolution transect and station observations in the upper layers are analyzed. The data show local salinity minima in the strongly stratified seasonal thermocline during summer conditions under the influence of upwelling favorable wind. A simple analytical box model using parameters (including variation by means of a Monte Carlo method) estimated from a hindcast model for the Baltic Sea is constructed to explain the observations. As a result, upwelled water with high salinity and low temperature is warmed up due to downward surface heat fluxes while it is transported offshore by the Ekman transport. The warming of upwelled surface water allows maintenance of stable stratification despite the destabilizing salinity stratification, such that local salinity minima in the thermocline can be generated. Inspection of published observations from the Benguela, Peruvian, and eastern tropical North Atlantic upwelling systems shows that also there salinity inversions occur in the thermocline, but in these cases thermocline salinity shows local maxima, since upwelled water has a lower salinity than the surface water. It is hypothesized that thermocline salinity inversions should generally occur offshore from upwelling regions whenever winds are steady enough and surface warming is sufficiently strong.DFG/CRC/TRR 18

Current measurements off the west coast of South America: November 1981 - March 1985

Several current meter moorings were deployed over the continental margin of Peru along 5° and 10°S to study the Peru current system. The observation period from November 1981 to March 1985 covered the occurrence of El Nino 1982-83. This report presents the six-hourly low-passed data sets of each mooring. Progressive vector diagrams, stick plots and time series of the east- and northward current component, temperature and pressure are shown. Histograms of speed, direction and temperature as well as a statistical page showing means and standard deviations are also included