Development of a fully coupled biogeochemical reactive transport model to simulate microbial oxidation of organic carbon and pyrite under nitrate‐reducing conditions

©2018. American Geophysical UnionIn regions with intensive agriculture nitrate is one of the most relevant contaminants in groundwater. Denitrification reduces elevated nitrate concentrations in many aquifers, yet the denitrification potential is limited by the concentration of available electron donors. The aim of this work was to study the denitrification potential and its limitation in natural sediments. A column experiment was conducted using sediments with elevated concentrations of organic carbon (total organic carbon 3,247 mg C/kg) and pyrite (chromium reducible sulfur 150 mg/kg). Groundwater with high nitrate concentration (100 mg/L) was injected. Measurements were taken over 160 days at five different depths including N‐ and S‐isotope analysis for selected samples. A reactive transport model was developed, which couples nitrate reduction with the oxidation of organic carbon (heterotrophic denitrification) and pyrite (autolithotrophic denitrification), and considers also transport and growth of denitrifying microbes. The denitrification pathway showed a temporal sequence from initially heterotrophic to autolithotrophic. However, maximum rates were lower for heterotrophic (11 mmol N/(L*a)) than for autolithotrophic denitrification (48 mmol N/(L*a)). The modeling showed that denitrifying microbes initially preferred highly reactive organic carbon as the electron donor for denitrification but were also able to utilize pyrite. The results show that after 160 days nitrate increased again to 50 mg/L. At this time only 0.5% of the total organic carbon and 46% of the available pyrite was oxidized. This indicates that denitrification rates strongly decrease before the electron donors are depleted either by a low reactivity (total organic carbon) or a diminishing reactive surface possibly due to the presence of coatings (pyrite)

Dynamics of pathogens and fecal indicators during riverbank filtration in times of high and low river levels

Riverbank filtration is an established and quantitatively important approach to mine high-quality raw water for drinking water production. Bacterial fecal indicators are routinely used to monitor hygienic raw water quality, however, their applicability in viral contamination has been questioned repeatedly. Additionally, there are concerns that the increasing frequency and intensity of meteorological and hydrological events, i.e., heavy precipitation and droughts leading to high and low river levels, may impair riverbank filtration performance. In this study, we explored the removal of adenovirus compared with several commonly used bacterial and viral water quality indicators during different river levels. In a seasonal study, water from the Rhine River, a series of groundwater monitoring wells, and a production well were regularly collected and analyzed for adenovirus, coliphages, E. coli, C. perfringens, coliform bacteria, the total number of prokaryotic cells (TCC), and the number of virus-like particles (TVPC) using molecular and cultivation-based assays. Additionally, basic physico-chemical parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved organic carbon, and nutrients, were measured. The highest log10 reduction during the >72 m of riverbank filtration from the river channel to the production well was observed for coliforms (>3.7 log10), followed by E. coli (>3.4 log10), somatic coliphages (>3.1 log10), C. perfringens (>2.5 log10), and F+ coliphages (>2.1 log10) at high river levels. Adenovirus decreased by 1.6–3.1 log units in the first monitoring well (>32 m) and was not detected in further distant wells. The highest removal efficiency of adenovirus and most other viral and bacterial fecal indicators was achieved during high river levels, which were characterized by increased numbers of pathogens and indicators. During low river levels, coliforms and C. perfringens were occasionally present in raw water at the production well. Adenovirus, quantified via droplet digital PCR, correlated with E. coli, somatic coliphages, TCC, TVPC, pH, and DOC at high river levels. At low river levels, adenoviruses correlated with coliforms, TVPC, pH, and water travel time. We conclude that although standard fecal indicators are insufficient for assessing hygienic raw water quality, a combination of E. coli, coliforms and somatic coliphages can assess riverbank filtration performance in adenovirus removal. Furthermore, effects of extreme hydrological events should be studied on an event-to-event basis at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Finally, there is an urgent need for a lower limit of detection for pathogenic viruses in natural waters. Preconcentration of viral particles from larger water volumes (>100 L) constitutes a promising strategy

Supplemental Information and Data for uncertainty analysis and identification of key parameters controlling bacteria transport within a riverbank filtration scenario (submitted to Water Resources Research)

This dataset includes Supplemental Information and Data for research paper: Knabe, D., Guadagnini, A., Riva, M., Engelhardt, I.: Uncertainty analysis and identification of key parameters controlling bacteria transport within a riverbank filtration scenario (Water Resources Research)

Uncertainty analysis and identification of key parameters controlling bacteria transport within a riverbank filtration scenario

Managed aquifer recharge through bank filtration is an important method to produce sustainable drinking water. Yet, water quality related to transport of pathogens (bacteria and viruses) into groundwater systems from surface waters can be a matter of concern, especially in urbanized regions. Based on a 1-year monitoring campaign, a reactive transport model was developed for bacteria transport at a riverbank filtration site located in Germany. The model allows simulating advective-dispersive transport and relies on the colloid filtration theory to mimic attachment and detachment of bacteria to and from the sediment in addition to inactivation, straining and blocking of bacteria. Due to the complexity of the investigated processes, the reactive transport model is characterized by a high level of parametrization, encompassing parameters driving flow as well as solute and colloid transport. A global sensitivity analysis has been applied to identify the most relevant model parameters with respect to piezometric pressure heads, groundwater temperature, and concentrations of chloride, oxygen, coliforms, and Escherichia coli. The model has been calibrated within a stochastic framework, to provide model parameter estimates and to quantify their uncertainty. Our results suggest that bacteria transport models are highly sensitive to inactivation coefficients, straining coefficients, and bacteria size. Permeability of the colmation layer at the riverbank is a key factor for bacteria transport through its influence on residence times. Seasonal variability of boundary conditions, especially anoxic aquifer conditions in the summer and high groundwater flow velocities during flooding periods, resulted in a reduction of inactivation and increased bacteria concentrations at observation wells