3 research outputs found

    Protist paleoecology from biological archives of the marine coastal ecosystems

    No full text
    La composition des communautĂ©s de protistes et leur dynamique temporelle sont traditionnellement Ă©tudiĂ©es en analysant des sĂ©ries de donnĂ©es de surveillance/observation dont la mise en place est relativement rĂ©cente (≀40 ans). Dans cette Ă©tude, nous avons analysĂ© les traces biologiques (formes de rĂ©sistance et ADN ancien) prĂ©servĂ©s dans des sĂ©diments couvrant une Ă©chelle temporelle d’environ 150 ans afin d’étudier les changements de la composition et la dynamique temporelle des protistes marins, principalement dans deux Ă©cosystĂšmes estuariens de la rade de Brest (Bretagne, France). Les analyses de metabarcoding montrent que seulement une partie minoritaire (16-18%) de la richesse des protistes (#OTUs) des sĂ©diments superficiels est retrouvĂ©e dans les sĂ©diments profonds et que la plupart des protistes prĂ©sents dans les sĂ©diments anciens sont connus pour ĂȘtre capables de produire des formes de rĂ©sistance. La composition des communautĂ©s de protistes Ă©taient diffĂ©renciĂ©es en deux principales palĂ©ocommunautĂ©s (avant/aprĂšs 1950), suggĂ©rant une biodiversitĂ© spĂ©cifique Ă  chaque pĂ©riode. Les abondances relatives des dinoflagellĂ©s ont montrĂ© une tendance Ă  la baisse depuis les annĂ©es 70’ et les genres Alexandrium et Gonyaulax ont montrĂ© une dynamique opposĂ©e en termes d’abondance relative Ă  travers le temps. Les donnĂ©es palĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tiques (PCR en temps rĂ©el) suggĂšrent qu’A. minutum est prĂ©sente dans la rade depuis au moins 1873 ± 7 et qu’au cours des derniers 150 ans, l’espĂšce est devenue envahissante, prolifĂ©rant dans la rade seulement ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. De plus, Les donnĂ©es de PCR en temps rĂ©el suggĂšrent que la partie sud-est de la rade, oĂč des sĂ©diments Ă  typologie vaseuse sont plus abondants, est potentiellement plus favorable Ă  l’accumulation des kystes de l’espĂšce. Les analyses Ă©cophysiologiques (taux de croissance, taux de consommation de phosphore, biomasse maximale atteinte) rĂ©alisĂ©s sur des souches de dinoflagellĂ©s (A. minutum et Scrippsiella donghaienis) obtenues par germination montrent une forte variabilitĂ© phĂ©notypique intraspĂ©cifique au sein des deux espĂšces et dans les deux milieux Ă©tudiĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats de ces travaux de thĂšse contribuent au domaine de la recherche en palĂ©oĂ©cologie sĂ©dimentaire, montrant les avantages et les limites de cette approche pour rĂ©vĂ©ler des patrons biologiques encore peu explorĂ©s.The community composition of protist and their temporal dynamic are are traditionally studied by analyzing data sets of monitoring/observation networks, whose implementation is however relatively recent (≀40 years). In this study, we analyzed the biological traces (resting stages and ancient DNA) preserved in sediments covering a time scale of 150 years in order to study changes in the composition and the temporal dynamics of marine protists, focusing mainly on two estuarine ecosystems of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France). Metabarcoding analyses showed that only a minor part (16-18%) of the protists richness (#OTUs) of superficial sediments is retrieved in deep sediments, and that most of the protists found in ancient sediments are known to produce resting stages. Two main paleocommunities were differentiated (before/after 1950), suggesting the existence of a distinct and specific biodiversity for the identified periods. The relative abundances of dinoflagellates showed a decreasing trend since the 70s' and Alexandrium and Gonyaulax genera showed an opposite dynamic in terms of relative abundance over the time. Paleogenetic data (real-time PCR) suggest that A. minutum is present in the Bay of Brest since at least 1873 ± 7 and that, across a time scale of about 150 years, the species has proliferated only recently in the estuaries of the bay. Moreover, real-time PCR data suggest that the south-eastern part of the bay, where muddy sediment are more abundant, is potentially more favorable for the accumulation of the species cysts. Ecophysiological analyses (growth rate, phosphorus assimilation rate, and maximal biomass attained) performed on dinoflagellate strains (A. minutum and Scrippsiella donghaienis) showed a strong phenotypic intraspecific variability for both species and for both analyzed media. The results of this thesis work contribute to the research in sedimentary paleoecology, showing the advantages and limits of this approach to reveal still underexplored biological patterns

    Paléoécologie des protistes à partir d'archives biologiques provenant d'écosystÚmes marins cÎtiers

    No full text
    The community composition of protist and their temporal dynamic are are traditionally studied by analyzing data sets of monitoring/observation networks, whose implementation is however relatively recent (≀40 years). In this study, we analyzed the biological traces (resting stages and ancient DNA) preserved in sediments covering a time scale of 150 years in order to study changes in the composition and the temporal dynamics of marine protists, focusing mainly on two estuarine ecosystems of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France). Metabarcoding analyses showed that only a minor part (16-18%) of the protists richness (#OTUs) of superficial sediments is retrieved in deep sediments, and that most of the protists found in ancient sediments are known to produce resting stages. Two main paleocommunities were differentiated (before/after 1950), suggesting the existence of a distinct and specific biodiversity for the identified periods. The relative abundances of dinoflagellates showed a decreasing trend since the 70s' and Alexandrium and Gonyaulax genera showed an opposite dynamic in terms of relative abundance over the time. Paleogenetic data (real-time PCR) suggest that A. minutum is present in the Bay of Brest since at least 1873 ± 7 and that, across a time scale of about 150 years, the species has proliferated only recently in the estuaries of the bay. Moreover, real-time PCR data suggest that the south-eastern part of the bay, where muddy sediment are more abundant, is potentially more favorable for the accumulation of the species cysts. Ecophysiological analyses (growth rate, phosphorus assimilation rate, and maximal biomass attained) performed on dinoflagellate strains (A. minutum and Scrippsiella donghaienis) showed a strong phenotypic intraspecific variability for both species and for both analyzed media. The results of this thesis work contribute to the research in sedimentary paleoecology, showing the advantages and limits of this approach to reveal still underexplored biological patterns.La composition des communautĂ©s de protistes et leur dynamique temporelle sont traditionnellement Ă©tudiĂ©es en analysant des sĂ©ries de donnĂ©es de surveillance/observation dont la mise en place est relativement rĂ©cente (≀40 ans). Dans cette Ă©tude, nous avons analysĂ© les traces biologiques (formes de rĂ©sistance et ADN ancien) prĂ©servĂ©s dans des sĂ©diments couvrant une Ă©chelle temporelle d’environ 150 ans afin d’étudier les changements de la composition et la dynamique temporelle des protistes marins, principalement dans deux Ă©cosystĂšmes estuariens de la rade de Brest (Bretagne, France). Les analyses de metabarcoding montrent que seulement une partie minoritaire (16-18%) de la richesse des protistes (#OTUs) des sĂ©diments superficiels est retrouvĂ©e dans les sĂ©diments profonds et que la plupart des protistes prĂ©sents dans les sĂ©diments anciens sont connus pour ĂȘtre capables de produire des formes de rĂ©sistance. La composition des communautĂ©s de protistes Ă©taient diffĂ©renciĂ©es en deux principales palĂ©ocommunautĂ©s (avant/aprĂšs 1950), suggĂ©rant une biodiversitĂ© spĂ©cifique Ă  chaque pĂ©riode. Les abondances relatives des dinoflagellĂ©s ont montrĂ© une tendance Ă  la baisse depuis les annĂ©es 70’ et les genres Alexandrium et Gonyaulax ont montrĂ© une dynamique opposĂ©e en termes d’abondance relative Ă  travers le temps. Les donnĂ©es palĂ©ogĂ©nĂ©tiques (PCR en temps rĂ©el) suggĂšrent qu’A. minutum est prĂ©sente dans la rade depuis au moins 1873 ± 7 et qu’au cours des derniers 150 ans, l’espĂšce est devenue envahissante, prolifĂ©rant dans la rade seulement ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. De plus, Les donnĂ©es de PCR en temps rĂ©el suggĂšrent que la partie sud-est de la rade, oĂč des sĂ©diments Ă  typologie vaseuse sont plus abondants, est potentiellement plus favorable Ă  l’accumulation des kystes de l’espĂšce. Les analyses Ă©cophysiologiques (taux de croissance, taux de consommation de phosphore, biomasse maximale atteinte) rĂ©alisĂ©s sur des souches de dinoflagellĂ©s (A. minutum et Scrippsiella donghaienis) obtenues par germination montrent une forte variabilitĂ© phĂ©notypique intraspĂ©cifique au sein des deux espĂšces et dans les deux milieux Ă©tudiĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats de ces travaux de thĂšse contribuent au domaine de la recherche en palĂ©oĂ©cologie sĂ©dimentaire, montrant les avantages et les limites de cette approche pour rĂ©vĂ©ler des patrons biologiques encore peu explorĂ©s

    Microsatellite instability detection in breast cancer using drop-off droplet digital PCR

    No full text
    International audienceThe use of conventional methods (immunohistochemistry, pentaplex PCR) for detecting microsatellite instability (MSI), a predictive biomarker of immunotherapy efficacy, is debated for cancers with low MSI prevalence, such as breast cancer (BC). We developed two multiplex drop-off droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays targeting four microsatellites, initially identified from public BC whole-genome sequencing dataset. Performances of the assays were investigated and 352 tumor DNA and 28 circulating cell-free DNA from BC patients, with unknown MSI status were blindly screened. Cross-validation of ddPCR MSI status with other MSI detection methods was performed. We then monitored circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) dynamics before and during pembrolizumab immunotherapy in one patient with MSI-high (MSI-H) metastatic BC. The assays showed high analytical specificity and sensitivity (limit of detection = 0.16%). Among N = 380 samples, seven (1.8%) were found as MSI-H by ddPCR with six of them confirmed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Specificity was 100% in N = 133 microsatellite stable BC submitted to NGS. In the patient with MSI-H metastatic BC, ctDNA monitoring revealed an early decrease of microsatellite mutant allelic frequencies during immunotherapy. These results demonstrated MSI detection by ddPCR, a non-invasive, fast and cost-effective approach, allowing for large pre-screening of BC patients who may benefit from immunotherapy
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