Can Self-Organizing Maps accurately predict photometric redshifts?

We present an unsupervised machine learning approach that can be employed for estimating photometric redshifts. The proposed method is based on a vector quantization approach called Self--Organizing Mapping (SOM). A variety of photometrically derived input values were utilized from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey's Main Galaxy Sample, Luminous Red Galaxy, and Quasar samples along with the PHAT0 data set from the PHoto-z Accuracy Testing project. Regression results obtained with this new approach were evaluated in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) to estimate the accuracy of the photometric redshift estimates. The results demonstrate competitive RMSE and outlier percentages when compared with several other popular approaches such as Artificial Neural Networks and Gaussian Process Regression. SOM RMSE--results (using $\Delta$z=z$_{phot}$--z$_{spec}$) for the Main Galaxy Sample are 0.023, for the Luminous Red Galaxy sample 0.027, Quasars are 0.418, and PHAT0 synthetic data are 0.022. The results demonstrate that there are non--unique solutions for estimating SOM RMSEs. Further research is needed in order to find more robust estimation techniques using SOMs, but the results herein are a positive indication of their capabilities when compared with other well-known methods.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to PAS

The flying fox manual: A new handbook for wildlife carers in Australia

This long-awaited first edition of the ‘flying fox manual’ would certainly have, had it appeared any earlier, created turmoil and debate among both wildlife carers and ecologists in Australia and beyond. Beliefs, myths and own recipes passed on from carer generation to carer generation still dominate flying fox care throughout the continent, where thousands of animals are taken into temporary or permanent care every year. This includes all age classes from orphaned young over injured adults to animals for experimental studies. Through a combination of scientific insight and practical experience, however, the author convincingly takes a long overdue stand against outdated methods and convincingly argues for a release-oriented, wildlife-focussed approach in flying fox care. Extensive research, cooperation with many contributors from all fields of natural sciences and careful review of all aspects of Megachiroptera in care has led to a volume which is capable of finally filling a wide-open gap in available literature, meeting a pressing need amongst volunteer as well as professional carers for accurate and up-to-date information

The prompt optical/near-infrared flare of GRB 050904: the most luminous transient ever detected

With a redshift of z=6.295, GRB 050904 is the most distant gamma-ray burst ever discovered. It was an energetic event at all wavelengths and the afterglow was observed in detail in the near-infrared bands. We gathered all available optical and NIR afterglow photometry of this GRB to construct a composite NIR light curve spanning several decades in time and flux density. Transforming the NIR light curve into the optical, we find that the afterglow of GRB 050904 was more luminous at early times than any other GRB afterglow in the pre-\emph{Swift} era, making it at these wavelengths the most luminous transient ever detected. Given the intrinsic properties of GRB 050904 and its afterglow, we discuss if this burst is markedly different from other GRBs at lower redshifts.Comment: The Astronomical Journal, in press; revised version, including the comments of the referee (one figure added, text restructured, all conclusions unchanged), 7 pages, 3 figure

Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Short vs. Long GRBs

We compiled a large sample of Swift-era photometric data on long (Type II) and short (Type I) GRB afterglows. We compare the luminosity and energetics of the different samples to each other and to the afterglows of the pre-Swift era. Here, we present the first results of these studies.Comment: Conference Proceedings, "Gamma-Ray Bursts 2007", Santa Fe, shortened poster presentation; 4 pages, 3 figures; for full updated papers, go here to arXiv:0712.2186 and also here to arXiv:0804.195

World-sheet scattering in AdS_5 x S^5 at two loops

We study the AdS_5 x S^5 sigma-model truncated to the near-flat-space limit to two-loops in perturbation theory. In addition to extending previously known one-loop results to the full SU(2|2)^2 S-matrix we calculate the two-loop correction to the dispersion relation and then compute the complete two-loop S-matrix. The result of the perturbative calculation can be compared with the appropriate limit of the conjectured S-matrix for the full theory and complete agreement is found.Comment: 26pages, 3 figure

Worldsheet Form Factors in AdS/CFT

We formulate a set of consistency conditions appropriate to worldsheet form factors in the massive, integrable but non-relativistic, light-cone gauge fixed AdS(5) x S**5 string theory. We then perturbatively verify that these conditions hold, at tree level in the near-plane-wave limit and to one loop in the near-flat (Maldacena-Swanson) limit, for a number of specific cases. We further study the form factors in the weakly coupled dual description, verifying that the relevant conditions naturally hold for the one-loop Heisenberg spin-chain. Finally, we note that the near-plane-wave expressions for the form factors, when further expanded in small momentum or, equivalently, large charge density, reproduce the thermodynamic limit of the spin-chain results at leading order.Comment: 30 pages, 12 figures, v3: typos fixed, improved discussion of bound states and bound state axio

Magnon Bound-state Scattering in Gauge and String Theory

It has been shown that, in the infinite length limit, the magnons of the gauge theory spin chain can form bound states carrying one finite and one strictly infinite R-charge. These bound states have been argued to be associated to simple poles of the multi-particle scattering matrix and to world sheet solitons carrying the same charges. Classically, they can be mapped to the solitons of the complex sine-Gordon theory. Under relatively general assumptions we derive the condition that simple poles of the two-particle scattering matrix correspond to physical bound states and construct higher bound states ``one magnon at a time''. We construct the scattering matrix of the bound states of the BDS and the AFS S-matrices. The bound state S-matrix exhibits simple and double poles and thus its analytic structure is much richer than that of the elementary magnon S-matrix. We also discuss the bound states appearing in larger sectors and their S-matrices. The large 't Hooft coupling limit of the scattering phase of the bound states in the SU(2) sector is found to agree with the semiclassical scattering of world sheet solitons. Intriguingly, the contribution of the dressing phase has an independent world sheet interpretation as the soliton-antisoliton scattering phase shift. The small momentum limit provides independent tests of these identifications.Comment: 25 pages, Latex V2: clarifying comments added to footnote 1 and footnote 10; references added V3: typos correcte

On Dust Extinction of Gamma-ray Burst Host Galaxies

Although it is well recognized that gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows are obscured and reddened by dust in their host galaxies, the wavelength-dependence and quantity of dust extinction are still poorly known. Current studies on this mostly rely on fitting the afterglow spectral energy distributions (SEDs) with template extinction models. The inferred extinction (both quantity and wavelength-dependence) and dust-to-gas ratios are often in disagreement with that obtained from dust depletion and X-ray spectroscopy studies. We argue that this discrepancy could result from the prior assumption of a template extinction law. We propose an analytical formula to approximate the GRB host extinction law. With the template extinction laws self-contained, and the capability of revealing extinction laws differing from the conventional ones, it is shown that this is a powerful approach in modeling the afterglow SEDs to derive GRB host extinction.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures; The Astrophysical Journal, in press (2008 Oct 1 issue

Numerical Investigation of Light Scattering off Split-Ring Resonators

Recently, split ring-resonators (SRR's) have been realized experimentally in the near infrared (NIR) and optical regime. In this contribution we numerically investigate light propagation through an array of metallic SRR's in the NIR and optical regime and compare our results to experimental results. We find numerical solutions to the time-harmonic Maxwell's equations by using advanced finite-element-methods (FEM). The geometry of the problem is discretized with unstructured tetrahedral meshes. Higher order, vectorial elements (edge elements) are used as ansatz functions. Transparent boundary conditions and periodic boundary conditions are implemented, which allow to treat light scattering problems off periodic structures. This simulation tool enables us to obtain transmission and reflection spectra of plane waves which are incident onto the SRR array under arbitrary angles of incidence, with arbitrary polarization, and with arbitrary wavelength-dependencies of the permittivity tensor. We compare the computed spectra to experimental results and investigate resonances of the system.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures (see original publication for images with a better resolution

The environment of the SN-less GRB 111005A at z = 0.0133

The collapsar model has proved highly successful in explaining the properties of long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), with the most direct confirmation being the detection of a supernova (SN) coincident with the majority of nearby long GRBs. Within this model, a long GRB is produced by the core-collapse of a metal-poor, rapidly rotating, massive star. The detection of some long GRBs in metal-rich environments, and more fundamentally the three examples of long GRBs (GRB 060505, GRB 060614 and GRB 111005A) with no coincident SN detection down to very deep limits is in strong contention with theoretical expectations. In this paper we present MUSE observations of the host galaxy of GRB 111005A, which is the most recent and compelling example yet of a SN-less, long GRB. At z=0.01326, GRB 111005A is the third closest GRB ever detected, and second closest long duration GRB, enabling the nearby environment to be studied at a resolution of 270 pc. From the analysis of the MUSE data cube, we find GRB 111005A to have occurred within a metal-rich environment with little signs of ongoing star formation. Spectral analysis at the position of the GRB indicates the presence of an old stellar population (tau > 10 Myr), which limits the mass of the GRB progenitor to M_ZAMS<15 Msolar, in direct conflict with the collapsar model. Our deep limits on the presence of any SN emission combined with the environmental conditions at the position of GRB 111005A necessitate the exploration of a novel long GRB formation mechanism that is unrelated to massive stars.Comment: Now accepted by A&A. Manuscript replaced to match accepted version. Some additional discussion added, and velocity map of the host galaxy now include