The Trophy on the Bridge and the Roman Triumph over Nature

The use of trophies on Roman bridges is examined in the light of contemporary literary celebrations of bridge- and road-building in the heroic terms of military victory, with the Roman emperor as the conqueror and Nature herself as the defeated foe. The focus of the discussion is Trajan's bridge over the Danube and Domitian's bridge over the Volturnus River, but other examples of triumphal imagery on bridges are cited from Augustus to Septimius Severus.Kleiner Fred S. The Trophy on the Bridge and the Roman Triumph over Nature. In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 60, 1991. pp. 182-192

Galba imperator augustus P(opuli) R(omani)

Résumé. — An apparently unique plated denarius of Galba is discussed. Its legend is inconsistent with the official titulature of the emperor at any period and it is concluded that the coin is an ancient forgery. The reverse (triumphal arch) is a crude reproduction of the same type on official Neronian sestertii and is linked to a unique Neronian denarius, also a forgery. By substituting a new obverse portrait but retaining Nero's generic reverse, the forger responded quickly to the political developments of the civil war of A.D. 68.Kleiner Fred S. Galba imperator augustus P(opuli) R(omani). In: Revue numismatique, 6e série - Tome 32, année 1990 pp. 72-84

Artists in the Roman world. An itinerant workshop in Augustan Gaul

Fred S.. Kleiner, Artists in the Roman world. An itinerant workshop in Augustan Gaul, p. 661-696. An attempt is made to reconstruct the activity of an itinerant workshop in Augustan Gaul as a case study of artists in the Roman world. The Gallo-Roman atelier is dubbed the Mausoleum Workshop because it appears to have specialized in the erection and decoration of monumental tower-tombs. The workshop's activity can be documented in Lyons, Avignon, St-Remy, Alleins, and possibly St-Julien-les-Martigues. The Gallo-Roman members of the workshop were probably trained by immigrant Italian artists.Kleiner Fred S. Artists in the Roman world. An itinerant workshop in Augustan Gaul. In: Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Antiquité, tome 89, n°2. 1977. pp. 661-696

Two Romans Provençal portrait reliefs

Diana E. E. et Fred S. Kleiner, Two Bomano-Provencal Portrait Reliefs, p. 243-257. Two Augustan funerary reliefs with family portraits from «St.-Julien-les-Martigues» and «Les Baux» are discussed. The St.-Julien relief has been variously described, but the authors believe that it depicts a scene of leaveta-king which has close parallels on Hellenistic Etruscan cinerary urns. The rock-cut relief at Les Baux depicts two waist-length figures within a horizontal frame. Comparable funerary portraits may be found in the area around Benevento. The two reliefs are cited as evidence for the migration of Italian artists to Gaul under Augustus.Kleiner Fred S., Kleiner Diana E. Two Romans Provençal portrait reliefs. In: Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Antiquité, tome 88, n°1. 1976. pp. 243-257

Gardner's art through the ages. Eleventh edition. Volume 1.

South Melbourne, Victoriaxxx, 592 p.: bibl., gloss., illus., index; 29 c

Mediaeval and modern coins in the Athenian Agora.

Prepared by Fred S. Kleiner