Heritability of dispersal-related larval traits in the clown anemonefish Amphiprion percula

A major goal of marine ecology is to identify the drivers of variation in larval dispersal. Larval traits are emerging as an important potential source of variation in dispersal outcomes, but little is known about how the evolution of these traits might shape dispersal patterns. Here, we consider the potential for adaptive evolution in two possibly dispersal-related traits by quantifying the heritability of larval size and swimming speed in the clown anemonefish (Amphiprion percula). Using a laboratory population of wild-caught A. percula, we measured the size and swimming speed of larvae from 24 half-sibling families. Phenotypic variance was partitioned into genetic and environmental components using a linear mixed-effects model. Importantly, by including half-siblings in the breeding design, we ensured that our estimates of genetic variance do not include nonheritable effects shared by clutches of full-siblings, which could lead to significant overestimates of heritability. We find unequivocal evidence for the heritability of larval body size (estimated between 0.21 and 0.34) and equivocal evidence for the heritability of swimming speed (between 0.05 and 0.19 depending on the choice of prior). From a methodological perspective, this work demonstrates the importance of evaluating sensitivity to prior distribution in Bayesian analysis. From a biological perspective, it advances our understanding of potential dispersal-related larval traits by quantifying the extent to which they can be inherited and thus have the potential for adaptive evolution.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.954

Paleoflood hydrology and historic flood analysis in the upper Verde River basin, central Arizona

Hell Canyon and Sycamore Canyon are major ungaged tributaries in the upper Verde River basin of central Arizona. Gage data implies that the record discharge of 1507 cms occurred on February 20, 1993 measured at the Verde River gage near Clarkdale, Arizona was derived primarily from these tributaries. 1993 flow reconstructions measure 800-900 cms in Sycamore Canyon and 600-700 cms in Hell Canyon. Historic and pre-historic units were exposed in various stratigraphic exposures in these canyons; as many as 11 floods are recorded at any one site. The 1993 floodwaters typically overtop all prior stratigraphy; however, dendrochronology suggests that similar floods occurred prior to the gage record. These results confirm that Hell Canyon and Sycamore Canyon are major contributors to floods on the Verde River in both the historic and paleoflood record

Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Santa Maria and Big Sandy Rivers and Burro Creek, Western Arizona

This report summarizes the geomorphology and hydrology of the three principal tributary streams of the Bill Williams River in western Arizona. The Bill Williams River basin drains most of west-central Arizona, straddling Mohave, Yavapai and La Paz counties (Figure 1). The principal tributaries of the Bill Williams are Big Sandy River, which heads east of Kingman, and Santa Maria River, which heads near Hillside. These tributaries join to form the Bill Williams River at what is now Alamo Lake. Burro Creek is the largest tributary of Big Sandy River, entering south of Wikieup.Documents in the AZGS Document Repository collection are made available by the Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) and the University Libraries at the University of Arizona. For more information about items in this collection, please contact [email protected]

The Open Standard for Unattended Sensors (OSUS) as a Platform for the Internet of Things (IOT)

IoT (Internet of Things) frameworks are designed to simplify the development process of IoT devices and applications. However, like any technology, they also have some problems that need to be addressed. Some of the common problems associated with IoT frameworks include: • Security Concerns: IoT devices collect and transmit sensitive data, making them a prime target for cyberattacks. Many IoT frameworks lack built-in security features, making it easier for hackers to access the data. • Interoperability Issues: IoT devices from different manufacturers may use different protocols and standards, making it difficult for them to communicate with each other. • Scalability Challenges: IoT systems can involve large numbers of devices and applications, and the frameworks used to develop these systems need to be scalable. This requires significant computing power and data storage capacity, which can be a challenge for some IoT frameworks. • Complexity: IoT development can be complex, as it involves multiple components and technologies, such as cloud computing, big data analytics, and edge computing. The frameworks used to develop IoT systems need to be able to integrate these components and simplify the development process. • Cost: Developing and deploying IoT systems can be expensive, as it requires specialized hardware, software, and infrastructure. The cost of IoT frameworks can also be a barrier to adoption for some organizations. Just like commercial IoT frameworks, Department of Defense (DoD) unattended ground sensors (UGSs) come in many shapes and sizes and often have many different components. These components range from infrared cameras and magnetometers to Department of Communications equipment and embedded computers. The combination of these different components requires sophisticated software that is often time consuming to develop and difficult to reuse and have the same problems like commercial IoT systems. The US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the Defense Intelligence Agency funded the Open Standards for Unattended Sensors (OSUS) to address solving these problems. The OSUS program, formerly named Terra Harvest, was launched in 2009 to develop an open, integrated battlefield unattended ground sensors architecture that ensures interoperability among disparate UGS components and systems. The University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) software system group (SSG) was chosen to work with the ARL to create a reference implementation of the OSUS standard. ARL along with UDRI went to various field-testing and demonstrations to test out OSUS in real-life simulations, integrating various vendors sensor, controllers, radios, using the OSUS simple plug-in-play architecture showing a solution that overcame the typical problems of UGS/IoT systems. After years of field success, the US Army reclassified the technology, allowing it to be used by the public. This has led it to become the standard for various US agencies and The Five Eyes Alliance (FVEYs) intelligence communities. At the FVEY The Technical Cooperation Program\u27s (TTCP) Contested Urban Environment Strategic Challenge (CUE17, 18, 19, and 20 for short), OSUS was the only middleware layer for all of the events. The author led the team to integrate all the various worldwide sensors/systems using OSUS. OSUS has shown through all these demonstrations that it is able to integrate world-wide sensors/systems into a common framework, eliminating most of the problems with UGS/IoT systems as stated above. In this thesis, I will attempt to show that OSUS offers a solid framework to use for IoT. The paper will provide a background of what IoT is, along with the architecture of OSUS. It will then show how one can create a plugin for OSUS and lastly, how to deploy/test these plugins

Field guide to a dynamic distributary drainage system: Tiger Wash, western Arizona

Management of flood hazards on piedmonts of the western United States is increasingly important as urban development expands into these areas. In the western United States, the term piedmont describes the low-relief, gently sloping plains between mountain ranges and the streams or playas that occupy the lowest portions of the valleys. Distributary, downstream- branching fluvial systems are common in piedmont areas, and all or parts of many of these distributary systems are active alluvial fans. Management of flood hazards on active alluvial fans is particularly challenging because of complex flow patterns, widespread inundation, local high-velocity flow, and the potential for development of new channels during floods. Geologic and geomorphologic analyses provide insights into the fluvial processes on piedmonts and thus can be invaluable in assessing flood hazards (Pearthree, 1989; Baker and others, 1990; Field and Pearthree, 1991; Hjalmarson and Kemna, 1991; Pearthree and others, 1992; Hjalmarson, 1994; Field, 1994a; 1994b; National Research Council, 1996; Field and Pearthree, 1997; Pearthree and others, in press). This field guide provides an overview of investigations of the Tiger Wash distributary drainage system in western Arizona, which experienced an extreme flood in late September, 1997. (34 pages)Documents in the AZGS Document Repository collection are made available by the Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) and the University Libraries at the University of Arizona. For more information about items in this collection, please contact [email protected]

Role of Regulatory T Cell Antigen Specificity in T Cell Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Self-Nonself Discrimination

Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune tolerance throughout life by preventing the activation of self-reactive CD4+ conventional T (Tconv) cells. T cells recognize protein-derived peptides presented on host MHC-II molecules (pMHC-II antigen complexes) using a unique T cell receptor (TCR). T cell activation is initiated upon TCR recognition of specific pMHC-II ligands. For the large array of self-pMHC-II displayed throughout the body at steady-state, it is unclear whether CD4+ T cell tolerance must be imparted for individual pMHC-II complexes, or if broad mechanisms of suppression maintain immune homeostasis across multiple T cell specificities. During infections, Treg cells must control Tconv cells reactive to self-derived peptide ligands while permitting Tconv cells that recognize pathogen-derived foreign antigens, yet the basis of this selectivity is unknown. Using mice in which T cell selection on a single prostate-specific self-pMHC-II ligand is altered, we demonstrate that tolerance is maintained under homeostatic conditions. In distinct settings of inflammation, including pathogen-associated epitope mimicry or T cell transfer to a lymphopenic environment, mice developed fulminant prostate-specific autoimmunity. Mechanistically, this self-pMHC-II complex directs antigen-specific cells into the Foxp3+ regulatory T cell lineage during development but does not induce clonal deletion to a measurable extent. This single specificity of Treg cells selectively constrains Tconv cell reactive to the same pMHC-II antigen to prevent T cell infiltration of the prostate, but does not impact the concurrent Tconv cell response against multiple foreign pathogen-derived peptides. Our study reveals a two-tiered system of Treg cell-mediated control in which bystander mechanisms of suppression maintain tolerance at steady-state, while self-pMHC-specific Treg cells enforce self-nonself discrimination in settings of inflammation

Surficial geology and geomorphology of the Western Crater Range, Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range, southwestern Arizona

This report summarizes the surficial geology and geomorphology around the western part of the Crater Range, situated in the North Tactical Range on the Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range in southwestern Arizona (Figure 1). The purpose of these investigations is to describe the geologic and geomorphic framework of the western Crater Range and surrounding areas in conjunction with an archaeological survey that was conducted for the Air Force by SWCA, Inc, and Arcadis Geraghty and Miller (Tucker, 2000). Field investigations and mapping were done in the spring of 1998. A 1:24,000-scale map showing the surficial geology of the survey area is included with this report (Plate 1). Interpretation of aerial photographs, field checking, and mapping was done primarily by J. Klawon, with field assistance and suggestions from P. Pearthree. Several previous geologic investigations have been conducted in this area. Kirk Bryan explored this area as part of a project to locate and evaluate potential water sources (Bryan, 1925). He described the general geology and physiography of this area, and made many astute observations about the processes that have shaped this landscape. This portion of Arizona was mapped on a reconnaissance basis by E.D. Wilson and R.T. Moore as part of their efforts to develop a 1:500,000-scale geologic map of Arizona (Wilson and others, 1969). The bedrock geology of the Ajo 1:250,000-scale sheet, which includes the project area, was subsequently mapped in somewhat more detail by Gray and others (1988). The generalized surficial geology of the Ajo sheet was mapped by Morrison (1983) at 1:250,000 scale. Bull (1991) developed a conceptual framework for understanding the impacts of climatic changes on arid region fluvial systems of the lower Colorado River region.Documents in the AZGS Document Repository collection are made available by the Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) and the University Libraries at the University of Arizona. For more information about items in this collection, please contact [email protected]

Surficial geology and geoarchaeology of the Daniels Wash Area in Northern Growler Valley, Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range, southwestern Arizona

This report summarizes geomorphologic investigations and surficial geologic mapping conducted on part of the Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range (BMGR) in southwestern Arizona in 1997 and 1998. These investigations were done in support of two extensive archaeological surveys in northern Growler Valley, in the west-central part of this vast desert reserve (Ahlstrom and Lyon, 2000; Tucker, 2000; see Figure 1). The map and survey area are about 30 km west-northwest of Ajo, and about 60 km southwest of Gila Bend. The natural and cultural resources of the BMGR are jointly managed by the U.S. Air Force and the Bureau of Land Management. Funding for these investigations was provided by the U.S. Air Force as part of their ongoing efforts to assess and effectively manage the resources of the BMGR. Detailed surficial geologic mapping done at 1:24,000 scale covers all of the area of the archaeological survey; thus, detailed mapping covers all of the valley axis and substantial piedmont areas as well. The general implications of the geomorphology and surficial geology for the potential for finding archaeological sites and features is considered in Part 2. The possibility that prehistoric inhabitants or seasonal visitors to this area diverted flow for agricultural purposes is explored in Part 3.Documents in the AZGS Document Repository collection are made available by the Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) and the University Libraries at the University of Arizona. For more information about items in this collection, please contact [email protected]

Paleoflood history of the lower Verde River, Yavapai County central Arizona

A comprehensive analysis of slack-water flood deposits on the lower Verde River, Arizona, reconstructs the history of the largest floods on the river over the last 1600 years. The record provides unique information about the magnitude and frequency of extreme floods in the late Holocene and places its short historical record into its appropriate long-term context. The investigation was performed in a tributary mouth that is deeply backflooded during Verde River floods and it provides important insights into a variety of uncertainties that combine to preclude confident compilation of complete records of paleofloods in typical bedrock canyon slack-water settings. There are numerous processes that act over time to compromise the integrity of paleoflood stratigraphy. Most importantly, vertical accretion that has occurred in most slackwater sequences ensures that the stratigraphic record is progressively self-censoring and biased towards larger and younger floods. Uncertainty in event and temporal resolution of paleoflood slack-water stratigraphy should be explicitly addressed in fluvial paleoflood studies, and subsequent interpretations of paleoflood data in the context of flood-frequency analysis and paleoenvironmental need to account for them.Documents in the AZGS Document Repository collection are made available by the Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) and the University Libraries at the University of Arizona. For more information about items in this collection, please contact [email protected]