73 research outputs found
Perspectives on the use of transcriptomics to advance biofuels
As a field within the energy research sector, bioenergy is continuously expanding. Although much has been achieved and the yields of both ethanol and butanol have been improved, many avenues of research to further increase these yields still remain. This review covers current research related with transcriptomics and the application of this high-throughput analytical tool to engineer both microbes and plants with the penultimate goal being better biofuel production and yields. The initial focus is given to the responses of fermentative microbes during the fermentative production of acids, such as butyric acid, and solvents, including ethanol and butanol. As plants offer the greatest natural renewable source of fermentable sugars within the form of lignocellulose, the second focus area is the transcriptional responses of microbes when exposed to plant hydrolysates and lignin-related compounds. This is of particular importance as the acid/base hydrolysis methods commonly employed to make the plant-based cellulose available for enzymatic hydrolysis to sugars also generates significant amounts of lignin-derivatives that are inhibitory to fermentative bacteria and microbes. The article then transitions to transcriptional analyses of lignin-degrading organisms, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, as an alternative to acid/base hydrolysis. The final portion of this article will discuss recent transcriptome analyses of plants and, in particular, the genes involved in lignin production. The rationale behind these studies is to eventually reduce the lignin content present within these plants and, consequently, the amount of inhibitors generated during the acid/base hydrolysis of the lignocelluloses. All four of these topics represent key areas where transcriptomic research is currently being conducted to identify microbial genes and their responses to products and inhibitors as well as those related with lignin degradation/formation.clos
Generation of an optimized lentiviral vector encoding a high-expression factor VIII transgene for gene therapy of hemophilia A
Signal-mediated sorting of membrane proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus
Each organelle of the secretory pathway is required to selectively allow transit of newly synthesized secretory and plasma membrane proteins and also to maintain a unique set of resident proteins that define its structural and functional properties. In the case of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), residency is achieved in two ways: (a) prevention of residents from entering newly forming transport vesicles and (b) retrieval of those residents that escape. The latter mechanism is directed by discrete retrieval motifs: Soluble proteins have a H/KDEL sequence at their carboxy-terminus; membrane proteins have a dibasic motif, either di-lysine or di-arginine, located close to the terminus of their cytoplasmic domain. Recently it was found that di-lysine motifs bind the complex of cytosolic coat proteins, COP I, and that this interaction functions in the retrieval of proteins from the Golgi to the ER. Also discussed are the potential roles this interaction may have in vesicular trafficking
Evaluation of the biological differences of canine and human factor VIII in gene delivery: implications in human hemophilia treatment
Einige Anwendungen der thermometrischen Methode zur Analyse und Charakterisierung von feindispersen Kieselsäuren und Silikaten
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