Evaluations of female subordinates by male superiors: Status and gender threats.

Previous research has shown that female superiors are negatively evaluated by their male subordinates whose masculinity is threatened. In this study, we examined how female subordinates are evaluated by their male superiors when they elicit two types of feelings of threat: gender threats (i.e., masculinity for men and femininity for women) and status threats. We conducted three studies in Japan using a 2 (participants’ genders) × 2 (subordinates’ genders) design; participants had to read a hypothetical scenario in which superiors lost a competition to their subordinates and then evaluate the subordinates on two dimensions (i.e., warmth and competence) and liking (study 2 and 3). In study 1, a structural equation modeling analysis revealed that male participants experienced a higher gender threat than female participants and evaluated their subordinates’ competence as low. Participants, regardless of gender, also elicited status threats leading to a higher evaluation on the warmth dimension. In study 2, female subordinates (vs. male subordinates) provoked both feelings of gender and status threat and received lower evaluations on warmth and competition. In study 3, status threat led to a lower evaluation on the warmth dimension and the subordinates’ favorability degree, regardless of participants’ and subordinates’ genders. Although we used the same scenario and response items in studies 2 and 3, we could not find similar results. The studies’ results are discussed with reference to threat types and evaluation dimensions.本論文の研究1は，広島大学教育学部提出した平成30年度卒業論文をもとに執筆したものである。 研究の一部は中国四国心理学会第74回大会学部生研究発表会，The 13th Biennial Asian Association of Social Psychology Conference，日本社会心理学会第60回大会において報告した

Do abstraction and power increase moral hypocrisy?

Lammers (2012) reported that participants taking an abstract (vs. concrete) view tended to judge the immoral behavior of others more severely than the same behavior performed by themselves (i.e., moral hypocrisy). In the current study, we examined the effects of construal level (i.e., abstract vs. concrete mindset) on moral judgments in a sample of Japanese university students. In addition, we examined the effect of the individuals’ sense of power, which was previously found to influence moral hypocrisy (Lammers et al., 2010); people in powerful roles were found to be more strict in moral judgments of others’ behavior than their own behavior. However, in Experiment 1, we did not observe moral hypocrisy. Instead, regardless of the actors in scenarios, we found that participants in the abstract condition (vs. concrete condition) judged immoral behavior less severely. Moreover, participants with a greater sense of power were more likely to judge immoral behavior severely. The discrepancy between the current findings and those of previous studies might be related to the scenario used in the current study (stealing a bike in a public bicycle parking area). Participants may have been influenced by the concern of being watched by a third party. We conducted Experiment 2 to investigate the effects of the presence of a third party, but found no significant effects. The results are discussed in terms of the construal level manipulations and immoral behavior in the experimental scenarios.本論文は，2017年度に広島大学教育学部で開講された心理学課題演習において，第1著者の指導により第2著者から第7著者までが実施した研究をもとに執筆したものである。研究の一部は第2著者から第7著者により中国四国心理学会第73回大会学部生研究発表会において報告された

Implicit gender role theories and gender system justification

Based on Kray et al.’s (2017) Study 4, we conducted two studies investigating the relationships between implicit gender role theories (i.e., people’s belief about the fixedness versus malleability of gender roles) and gender system justification using two Japanese samples. As predicted, we found that, for women and men, implicit gender role theories positively correlate with system justification; individuals with a strong belief in the permanence of gender roles supported the status quo in social relations between men and women (Study 1 and 2). However, contrary to our predictions, we found no significant mediating effect of male gender identity on the relationship between implicit gender role theories and system justification (Study 1). Nor did we find a significant moderating effect of zero-sum beliefs on the relationship between male gender identity and system justification (Study 2). Results are discussed in relation to the large gender gap in Japan.本研究はJSPS科研費JP21K02978, JP21H0093 の助成を受けた