105 research outputs found
Mitigation Evidence and Capital Cases in Washington: Proposals for Change
Part II of this article examines the United States Supreme Court\u27s recognition of the importance of mitigation evidence in capital cases. Part III then focuses on the role of mitigation evidence in Washington\u27s death penalty scheme. The following section, Part IV, addresses the public policy implications when mitigation evidence is not presented. Finally, Part V proposes changes to the current sentencing procedure in Washington involving capital crimes
Marine area governance and management in the Gulf of Maine : a case study
This case study provides a description and evaluation of marine area governance and
management in the Gulf of Maine. On the advice of the Oversight Committee, we began
the study at a broad level by identifying marine resources, uses of the resources, existing
management regimes, and conflicts among users of the resources. The results of these initial
reviews are collected in the tables in Appendix A. The Oversight Committee also suggested
that we develop a chronology of important events relating to marine area governance and
management in the Gulf of Maine, which is included as Appendix B.
As is clear from even a quick scan of the material in Appendix A, almost every
conceivable use of the marine environment occurs in the Gulf of Maine at some scale.
However, some of these uses are more problematic than others in terms of the governance
and management problems they engender. Rather than take a broadbrush approach that
might not have done justice to any of the region's many ocean resources and uses, we
decided to focus the case study on one or more of its most difficult and consequential
governance and management issues. The initial survey enabled us to focus in on a subset of
resources, use conflicts, and governance issues, namely those associated mainly with marine
fisheries governance and management.
Several considerations support the argument for a focus on fisheries governance and
management. The marine fisheries are a regional-scale resource and industry, due to the
mobility of the fish stocks, the geographic distribution of the users of the resource, and the
fact that governance institutions have been designed to have regionwide authority. Thus
fisheries mismanagement has the potential to inflict widespread social detriment and
significant economic losses. Indeed, the net cost of depleted groundfish stocks under the
current management structure, relative to the condition of stocks in an optimally managed
fishery, has been estimated at about $139 million annually, or just under one-fifth the landed
value of the entire Gulf of Maine commercial catch.
Other ocean resources with potentially regional impacts, such as offshore energy, are
not being pursued in the Gulf of Maine region at levels that pose significant concerns.
Consequently, non-fishery resource management problems in the Gulf of Maine are, for the
most part, local in scale, of comparatively minor economic significance, and not unique to
the region. There is no evidence, for example, of "system-wide degradation of marine environmental quality in the Gulf of Maine. . . . The Gulf as a whole remains relatively
clean, although the deep central basins appear to be accumulating several pollutants,
including PAHs and PCBs" (GOMCME 1994; see also Dow and Braasch 1996 and Gould,
Clark, and Thurberg 1994). Given that most pollutants of concern are concentrated in
inshore waters near urban areas and in the mouths of industrialized rivers, it is not at all
clear that they could be dealt with more effectively or efficiently at the regional level.
In sum, our focus on fisheries reflects our judgment that the greatest net benefits
might be obtained from improvements in the governance and management of these marine
resources within the Gulf of Maine region.This case study was produced for the purposes of the Committee on Marine Area
Governance and Management of the National Research Council (NRC), Agreement No.
DOT -3830-96-002
Effects of positive and negative information on self-presentation when that information is relevant or irrelevant to the interaction goal
This research examined how individuals alter their self-presentation to meet the demands of a specific interaction goal and, further, whether the adopted strategies resulted in successful attainment of that interaction goal. In Experiment 1, 159 male and female subjects were randomly assigned to one of two goal conditions, one representing task competence and one representing likeability. Further, the valence of feedback was manipulated such that some individuals were told that they had positive characteristics and others were told that they had negative characteristics. For half the subjects, this information was relevant to their interaction goal; for half the subjects it was not. Self-presentation to a partner (who supposedly also had this information) was assessed on two sets of dependent measures: one set of these measures represented likeability and one set represented task competence. In Experiment 2, 34 judges evaluated the information subjects chose to provide about themselves and assigned a reward to those subjects who best fulfilled their interaction goal. It was predicted that subjects who received negative feedback would try especially hard to compensate for this information and, therefore, would receive the most reward. Contrary to prediction, it was those subjects who received positive feedback who performed best and subsequently received the greatest reward. Results showed that more credit was assigned to those subjects who had received positive feedback. These effects were qualified by subject sex, however. In general, when sex differences occurred, men tended to have higher scores on those dependent measures related to task competence and women tended to have higher scores on the dependent measures related to likeability, a result that is consistent with other work (e.g., Schlenker, 1975; Forsyth, Schlenker, Leary, & McCown, 1985). This suggests that women and men may rely on sex-linked information in their self-presentational strategies, regardless of other situational factors. Methodological limitations of the experiment are discussed
Letter, To: Anna Huldah Kite Cope From: Mary Anna Kite and James Kite, February 16, 1879.
Letter, To: "My Dear Anna" & "Dear Daughter" From: "Mother" and "Father," March 22, 1879.
Letter, To: Elizabeth Sarah Kite and Anna Huldah Kite From: Mary Anna Kite and James Kite, December 16, 1883.
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