Mitigation Evidence and Capital Cases in Washington: Proposals for Change

Part II of this article examines the United States Supreme Court\u27s recognition of the importance of mitigation evidence in capital cases. Part III then focuses on the role of mitigation evidence in Washington\u27s death penalty scheme. The following section, Part IV, addresses the public policy implications when mitigation evidence is not presented. Finally, Part V proposes changes to the current sentencing procedure in Washington involving capital crimes

Marine area governance and management in the Gulf of Maine : a case study

This case study provides a description and evaluation of marine area governance and management in the Gulf of Maine. On the advice of the Oversight Committee, we began the study at a broad level by identifying marine resources, uses of the resources, existing management regimes, and conflicts among users of the resources. The results of these initial reviews are collected in the tables in Appendix A. The Oversight Committee also suggested that we develop a chronology of important events relating to marine area governance and management in the Gulf of Maine, which is included as Appendix B. As is clear from even a quick scan of the material in Appendix A, almost every conceivable use of the marine environment occurs in the Gulf of Maine at some scale. However, some of these uses are more problematic than others in terms of the governance and management problems they engender. Rather than take a broadbrush approach that might not have done justice to any of the region's many ocean resources and uses, we decided to focus the case study on one or more of its most difficult and consequential governance and management issues. The initial survey enabled us to focus in on a subset of resources, use conflicts, and governance issues, namely those associated mainly with marine fisheries governance and management. Several considerations support the argument for a focus on fisheries governance and management. The marine fisheries are a regional-scale resource and industry, due to the mobility of the fish stocks, the geographic distribution of the users of the resource, and the fact that governance institutions have been designed to have regionwide authority. Thus fisheries mismanagement has the potential to inflict widespread social detriment and significant economic losses. Indeed, the net cost of depleted groundfish stocks under the current management structure, relative to the condition of stocks in an optimally managed fishery, has been estimated at about $139 million annually, or just under one-fifth the landed value of the entire Gulf of Maine commercial catch. Other ocean resources with potentially regional impacts, such as offshore energy, are not being pursued in the Gulf of Maine region at levels that pose significant concerns. Consequently, non-fishery resource management problems in the Gulf of Maine are, for the most part, local in scale, of comparatively minor economic significance, and not unique to the region. There is no evidence, for example, of "system-wide degradation of marine environmental quality in the Gulf of Maine. . . . The Gulf as a whole remains relatively clean, although the deep central basins appear to be accumulating several pollutants, including PAHs and PCBs" (GOMCME 1994; see also Dow and Braasch 1996 and Gould, Clark, and Thurberg 1994). Given that most pollutants of concern are concentrated in inshore waters near urban areas and in the mouths of industrialized rivers, it is not at all clear that they could be dealt with more effectively or efficiently at the regional level. In sum, our focus on fisheries reflects our judgment that the greatest net benefits might be obtained from improvements in the governance and management of these marine resources within the Gulf of Maine region.This case study was produced for the purposes of the Committee on Marine Area Governance and Management of the National Research Council (NRC), Agreement No. DOT -3830-96-002

Effects of positive and negative information on self-presentation when that information is relevant or irrelevant to the interaction goal

This research examined how individuals alter their self-presentation to meet the demands of a specific interaction goal and, further, whether the adopted strategies resulted in successful attainment of that interaction goal. In Experiment 1, 159 male and female subjects were randomly assigned to one of two goal conditions, one representing task competence and one representing likeability. Further, the valence of feedback was manipulated such that some individuals were told that they had positive characteristics and others were told that they had negative characteristics. For half the subjects, this information was relevant to their interaction goal; for half the subjects it was not. Self-presentation to a partner (who supposedly also had this information) was assessed on two sets of dependent measures: one set of these measures represented likeability and one set represented task competence. In Experiment 2, 34 judges evaluated the information subjects chose to provide about themselves and assigned a reward to those subjects who best fulfilled their interaction goal. It was predicted that subjects who received negative feedback would try especially hard to compensate for this information and, therefore, would receive the most reward. Contrary to prediction, it was those subjects who received positive feedback who performed best and subsequently received the greatest reward. Results showed that more credit was assigned to those subjects who had received positive feedback. These effects were qualified by subject sex, however. In general, when sex differences occurred, men tended to have higher scores on those dependent measures related to task competence and women tended to have higher scores on the dependent measures related to likeability, a result that is consistent with other work (e.g., Schlenker, 1975; Forsyth, Schlenker, Leary, & McCown, 1985). This suggests that women and men may rely on sex-linked information in their self-presentational strategies, regardless of other situational factors. Methodological limitations of the experiment are discussed