Freight transport industry in New Zealand

This paper focuses on the domestic freight industry in New Zealand. It reviews the geographical basis and historical development of freight transport. The supply and demand factors of the freight industry are then discussed. The individual rail, road, coastal shipping, and domestic air modes are also reviewed. Competition between these modes is covered. The paper concludes with an overview of some of the major policy issues facing the freight transport industry in New Zealand. These policy issues relate to the environment, safety, road pricing, marine transport taxation and labour relations

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Capacity and route regulation in international scheduled air transportation: a case study of Singapore.

10.1111/j.1467-9493.1986.tb00172.xSingapore Journal of Tropical Geography7153-6