Multiorder neurons for evolutionary higher-order clustering and growth

This letter proposes to use multiorder neurons for clustering irregularly shaped data arrangements. Multiorder neurons are an evolutionary extension of the use of higher-order neurons in clustering. Higher-order neurons parametrically model complex neuron shapes by replacing the classic synaptic weight by higher-order tensors. The multiorder neuron goes one step further and eliminates two problems associated with higher-order neurons. First, it uses evolutionary algorithms to select the best neuron order for a given problem. Second, it obtains more information about the underlying data distribution by identifying the correct order for a given cluster of patterns. Empirically we observed that when the correlation of clusters found with ground truth information is used in measuring clustering accuracy, the proposed evolutionary multiorder neurons method can be shown to outperform other related clustering methods. The simulation results from the Iris, Wine, and Glass data sets show significant improvement when compared to the results obtained using self-organizing maps and higher-order neurons. The letter also proposes an intuitive model by which multiorder neurons can be grown, thereby determining the number of clusters in data

Psychiatric Morbidity in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury is one of the most common causes for high rates of mortality, morbidity and disability. It has been named as ‘silent epidemic’. India has the highest accident rates per vehicle in the world. The rehabilitation needs for it, is increasing. Apart from its physical effects, its psychiatric effects impair the social life and it is underdiagnosed and undertreated. It is therefore essential to look for it, for limiting the disability. It refers to the external force applied over the brain that causes permanent or temporary dysfunction. It is a universal health problem. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with traumatic brain injury. 2. To assess its correlation with radiological finding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SUBJECTS: 100. STUDY PLACE-Department of neurosurgery, Chennai. DURATION: 6 months from the date of approval of ethical committee. STUDY DESIGN: Cross Sectional Study. INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Patients attending outpatient and inpatient in neurosurgery department with history of head trauma 2. Patient showing radiological signs of brain damage through trauma. 3. age > 18 years. 4. both men and women. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Psychiatric illness before brain injury 2. Neurological disorders before brain injury 3. Patient having gross cognitive deficits making interview difficult. RESULTS: The protocol was approved by institutional ethics committee. Written informed consent was obtained from both the patients and the accompanying person. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, total of 100 patients were taken by random sampling. Socio demographic details were obtained initially. They were assessed for the presence of psychiatric illness with MINI plus scale and when they fit into any of the psychiatric complaint scales were given to assess the severity of illness. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of head injury, apart from the treatment of physical symptoms, It is also important to treat psychiatric symptoms because psychiatric comorbidity delays the social and functional outcome of the patient. Most of it had been missed by clinicians and it affects the prognosis of the patient, so it is essential to identify the risk factors, understanding the clinical features for better treatment of the patient. Not a single can predict the risk of psychiatric comorbidity and also found it has no relationship with the severity and laterality of lesions consistently. Treatment of the illness involves a multi disciplinary approach with the psychiatrist in liaison with neurosurgeon and family. Treatment should follow from a clearly articulated diagnostic scheme and should be time limited and re-evaluated in the presence of poor or incomplete response

INFLUENCE OF FOOT TYPE ON BALANCE AND POSTURAL SWAY AMONG THE COMMUNITY DWELLING OLDER ADULTSâ€

Aim: To compare the relationship between Foot Type, Postural sway and Balance among the community dwelling older adult.Objective:  1. To find the correlation between foot type on static and dynamic balance among community dwelling older adults2.To find the correlation between postural sway and foot type among community dwelling older adults.Methodology: 20 community dwelling older adults were included for the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects foot type was assessed using the navicular drop test. The subjects were classified into 3 different foot types: as pronated, neutral and supinated. After classifying the subject according to the foot type, they were measured for static and dynamic balance using Berg Balance Scale(BBS). For the same subjects, postural sway was assessed with Lord's Sway meter under 4 situations: 1. Standing on stable surface(floor) open eyes and 2. Standing on stable surface(floor) closed eyes, 3. Standing on unstable surface(foam) with eyes open and 4. Standing on unstable surface(foam) with eyes closed. The sway of older adult was recorded and analysedResult: There was strong correlation between pronated and anteroposterior sway in EO on unstable surface and between neutral and anteroposterior sway in EC standing on stable surface. There was moderate correlation between berg balance scale score and neutral foot type. Pronated and anteroposterior sway in EO standing on stable surface also showed moderate correlation.Conclusion: The results showed strong to moderate correlation between foot type, postural sway and balance, from this study it is clear that foot position affects the balance among older adults.  Â

1,3,4-Oxadiazole Dimers: New and Effective corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in sulphuric acid solution

The corrosion inhibition property of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole dimers have been investigated for mild steel in acidic environment using gravimetric method, Tafel polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and adsorption isotherm. The results revealed that 1,3,4-Oxadiazole dimers had excellent corrosion inhibition property for mild steel in 1M H2SO4 acid media and its inhibitive efficiency was more than 99% even with a low concentration of 1000ppm.The adsorption of the organic compounds on the mild steel surface obeyed Langmuir adsorption  isotherm. IR spectra and SEM proved the adsorption of organic inhibitors and the formation of corrosion products on the mild steel surface.Â

The Efficient Energy Aware Routing and Data Aggregation in Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network

ABSTRACT: The Energy resource especially in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are major concerned. Since sensor nodes are normally more dense of data sampled by sensor nodes have more redundant of data and data aggregation became an adorable method to ignore redundancy, reducing frequent of transmission and then to conserving energy. Many applications can be assigned in WSNs and different sensors are employed in nodes, the data implemented by heterogeneous sensors or various applications have various attributes. The packet from various attributes does not be aggregated or most of the data aggregation methods handle static routing protocols, which cannot be dynamically or intentionally forward packet corresponding to network state or data types. To make data aggregation more efficiently, in our proposed method using a energy aware routing to implement a data transmission on their network. Inspired by the concepts of energy aware routing technology along with data aggregation. The results estimate the performance in verifies that the routing ADA scheme can make the data improve the efficiency of data aggregation. In our future work have to use a secure routing and energy consumption model on their network. Take different parameters like throughput, delivery ratio, and delay and energy consumption on network

USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BY THE MEDICAL STUDENTS

Background: Usage of information technology   is increasing among university students. The extent of usage among medical students is not studied well. The aim of the study is to assess the usage pattern of information technology by first year and second year medical students of government Kilpauk medical college. Chennai. Method : 200 students of first year and second year students were participated in this study. They were interviewed using pretested questionnaire to bring out the different pattern of the internet use and application knowledge of information technology in medical field. Results: Among 200 students 84% of second years and43% of first years access the internet using their mobile phones .The application knowledge of information technology (IT) is 97% in second year students when compared to first year student45%.Majority of students(97%) prefers computer classes to be included in medical curriculum. Conclusion: The usage of information technology by the second year medical students are increasing when compared to the newly admitted students  and also the purpose of using IT  and knowledge of  IT in medical field  also improving when they are entering second year. Key words: computer, internet , information technology

A review of leaf fiber reinforced polymer composites

Abstract The utilization of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite has received greater attention in various fields due to its recyclability; inexpensive, nonabrasive, specific properties; light-weight, naturally decomposed, abundant availability; etc. Natural fibers are generally lignocellulosic and multicellular, a better alternate to the synthetic materials. Among the natural fibers, leaf fibers are hard fibers, used in the making of filaments, threads, ropes, mats, fabrics, etc. PALF, sisal, henequen, cantala, fique, alfa, and sansevieria family are the examples of the leaf fibers. The present comprehensive review aims to provide different types of leaf fibers, their properties, and their reinforced composites. The effect of various factors like fiber volume fraction, fiber aspect ratio (length/diameter), fiber orientation, packing arrangement, matrix content and coupling agents, and processing techniques towards the mechanical properties of leaf fiber-reinforced polymer composites, is discussed. The surface modification of fiber such as alkaline, silane, KMnO4, and their effects on the mechanical properties is given. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water absorption (WA) characteristics are also discussed