Tandemly repeated DNA families in the mouse genome

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Functional and morphological studies of tandem DNA repeats, that combine high portion of most genomes, are mostly limited due to the incomplete characterization of these genome elements. We report here a genome wide analysis of the large tandem repeats (TR) found in the mouse genome assemblies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using a bioinformatics approach, we identified large TR with array size more than 3 kb in two mouse whole genome shotgun (WGS) assemblies. Large TR were classified based on sequence similarity, chromosome position, monomer length, array variability, and GC content; we identified four superfamilies, eight families, and 62 subfamilies - including 60 not previously described. 1) The superfamily of centromeric minor satellite is only found in the unassembled part of the reference genome. 2) The pericentromeric major satellite is the most abundant superfamily and reveals high order repeat structure. 3) Transposable elements related superfamily contains two families. 4) The superfamily of heterogeneous tandem repeats includes four families. One family is found only in the WGS, while two families represent tandem repeats with either single or multi locus location. Despite multi locus location, TRPC-21A-MM is placed into a separated family due to its abundance, strictly pericentromeric location, and resemblance to big human satellites.</p> <p>To confirm our data, we next performed <it>in situ </it>hybridization with three repeats from distinct families. TRPC-21A-MM probe hybridized to chromosomes 3 and 17, multi locus TR-22A-MM probe hybridized to ten chromosomes, and single locus TR-54B-MM probe hybridized with the long loops that emerge from chromosome ends. In addition to <it>in silico </it>predicted several extra-chromosomes were positive for TR by <it>in situ </it>analysis, potentially indicating inaccurate genome assembly of the heterochromatic genome regions.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Chromosome-specific TR had been predicted for mouse but no reliable cytogenetic probes were available before. We report new analysis that identified <it>in silico </it>and confirmed <it>in situ </it>3/17 chromosome-specific probe TRPC-21-MM. Thus, the new classification had proven to be useful tool for continuation of genome study, while annotated TR can be the valuable source of cytogenetic probes for chromosome recognition.</p

Innovative development of the building complex on the basis of environmental and energy-efficient technologies

The objective of the current study was to determine the priorities of innovative development of the building complex on the basis of the analysis of the environmental and energy-efficient technologies that were applied. Analysis of energy efficiency and environmental technologies in the construction industry showed that residential housing consumes 23% of the total primary energy supply in Russia. The construction sector is responsible for 30% of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Russia annually spends approximately 170 million tons of fuel equivalents for heating, ventilation and air conditioning of residential housing. Comparing Russia with the countries of similar climatic conditions it should be noted that energy consumption value in Russia is significantly higher (the excess ranges from 24 to 47% depending upon the building). Having analyzed the housing the authors offer the ways of building complex innovative development that mean the following: reindustrialization of material and technical resources of construction companies and the introduction of managerial innovations; the development and application of new high-tech building structures, products and materials that are to ensure the economic and environmental efficiency of buildings’ construction and operation

Innovative development of the building complex on the basis of environmental and energy-efficient technologies

The objective of the current study was to determine the priorities of innovative development of the building complex on the basis of the analysis of the environmental and energy-efficient technologies that were applied. Analysis of energy efficiency and environmental technologies in the construction industry showed that residential housing consumes 23% of the total primary energy supply in Russia. The construction sector is responsible for 30% of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Russia annually spends approximately 170 million tons of fuel equivalents for heating, ventilation and air conditioning of residential housing. Comparing Russia with the countries of similar climatic conditions it should be noted that energy consumption value in Russia is significantly higher (the excess ranges from 24 to 47% depending upon the building). Having analyzed the housing the authors offer the ways of building complex innovative development that mean the following: reindustrialization of material and technical resources of construction companies and the introduction of managerial innovations; the development and application of new high-tech building structures, products and materials that are to ensure the economic and environmental efficiency of buildings’ construction and operation