Enhanced production of β- glucosidase by locally isolated fungal strain employing submerged fermentation

β-glucosidase has wide spectrum of biotechnological applications in different industries including food, textile, laundry detergents, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical and biofuel industry. The present investigation related to isolation, screening, and process optimization of fungal strain for enhanced production of β-glucosidase (BGL). For this purpose, different fungal stains were isolated from different sources including soil, fruits, bark of tree as well as from the compost. The screening of fungal strain for BGL production was carried out via submerged fermentation. All the tested strains were identified on the basis of micro and macroscopic features. The fungal strain having greater ability for BGL synthesis among tested ones was identified as Aspergillus niger and given the code SBT-15. The process parameter including fermentation media, temperature, pH, rate of fermentation, carbon and nitrogen sources, volume of media were optimized. Five different fermentation media were evaluated M3 medium gave maximum production. The optimal conditions for BGL production was 72 hours of incubation at 40°C, pH 6 and 50 ml fermentation medium. Glucose (1%) and ammonium sulphate (3%) were optimized as best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively

Process optimization for enhanced production of cellulases form locally isolated fungal strain by submerged fermentation

Cellulase has myriad applications in various sectors like pharmaceuticals, textile, detergents, animal feed and bioethanol production, etc. The current study focuses on the isolation, screening and optimization of fungal strain through one factor at a time technique for enhanced cellulase production.  In current study sixteen different fungal cultures were isolated and the culture which quantitatively exhibits higher titers of cellulase activity was identified both morphologically and molecularly by 18S rDNA and designated as Aspergillus niger ABT11. Different parameters like fermentation medium, volume, temperature, pH and nutritional components were optimized. The highest CMCase and FPase activities  was achieved in 100ml of M5 medium in the presence of 1% lactose and sodium nitrate at 30 oC, pH5 after 72 hours. The result revealed A. niger can be a potential candidate for scale up studies

The Mei Symmetries for the Lagrangian Corresponding to the Schwarzschild Metric and the Kerr Black Hole Metric

In this paper, the Mei symmetries for the Lagrangians corresponding to the spherically and axially symmetric metrics are investigated. For this purpose, the Schwarzschild and Kerr black hole metrics are considered. Using the Mei symmetries criterion, we obtained four Mei symmetries for the Lagrangian of Schwarzschild and Kerr black hole metrics. The results reveal that, in the case of the Schwarzschild metric, the obtained Mei symmetries are a subset of the Lie point symmetries of equations of motion (geodesic equations), while in the case of the Kerr black hole metric, the Noether symmetry set is a subset of the Mei symmetry set and that Mei symmetries and the Lie point symmetries of the equations of motion are same

EFFECTS OF NICKEL TOXICITY ON VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE Swiss albino MICE

Nickel was discovered by A. F. Cronstedt in 1754 and is a bountiful metal in the Earth's outside layer, it is the 24th most plentiful element and 28th component of the periodic table. It is a silver-white metal found in a few oxidation states (going from - 1 to +4); nonetheless, the +2 oxidation state [Ni (II)] is the most widely recognized one in natural systems. Nickel is famous as a haematotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, genotoxic, regenerative harmful, aspiratory poisonous, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and cancer-causing operator. The mass number of nickel (Ni) is 58.71 and the atomic number of Nickel is 28 just as the thickness is 8.9g/cm3 and the softening point is 1453°C and the edge of boiling over is 2732°C. Nickel (Ni) is silver-white pliable metal. In the living cells of plants, animals, and humans, minor components have a significant influence on synthetic, organic, biochemical, metabolic, catabolic, and enzymatic actions. Nickel (Ni), an occurring element, is found in a variety of environments, including soil, water, and air. Many industrial and commercial applications for Ni compounds and metallic Ni exist, including alloy manufacture, luster, nickel-cadmium batteries, and catalytic agent in the chemical and foodstuff industries. Acute and intense toxicity in mammals resulting from assimilation by consumption through lungs or gastro-intestinal tract was mainly reported. Nickel carbonyl ingestion produces two types of acute venomous effects. Nickel produces the variation of the (p53 gene), which is a transcription factor and crucial tumor suppressor gene, in epithelial cells of the kidney. The removal of sewage and industrial is a significant issue. It is oftentimes drained to agricultural regions, where it is used to develop yields like vegetables. Heavy metal pollution in wastewater water systems represents various dangers to the climate. . Most vegetables have contained a large number of organic compounds that are role-playing in cell reinforcement. The significant cell reinforcements in vegetables are phenolic acids, flavonoids, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lutein, and ascorbic destructive. Although in different nourishments like grains, nuts and a few types of meat, chicken meat and fish

The Fetomaternal Outcome of Induction of Labour in Idiopathic Oligohydramnios

Objective: To assess fetomaternal outcome of induction of labour in patients with idiopathic oligohydramnios at ANTH to reduce the morbidity associated with increased cesarean section rate and deliver alive healthy babies. Methodology: This quasi experimental study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Alsuffah hospital Rawalpindi and Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad, over a period of six months from June to Dec 2022. A detailed history was taken followed by a thorough general physical examination and obstetric examination. Routine investigations were performed along with obstetrical ultrasonography. CTG was performed and after ensuring a reactive trace along with no contraindication to vaginal delivery; were offered option of induction of labour after informed consent on predesigned consent form with tab. prostin E2 3mg maximum of two doses with 6 hours apart via vaginal route as per induction of labour protocol at 37 weeks or beyond and were followed-up in OPD till postnatal follow up after 1 week. Results: The mean age of the patients was 26.85 ± 0.46 years. Majority 30 (41.1%) of the patients had parity of 3 or more and most 31 (42.47%) of the females in the study were given induction of labor at 39 weeks’ gestation followed by 27 (36.99%) were given IOL at 38 weeks. The mean value of the amniotic fluid index was 4.35 ± 1.84. Main bulk 34 (46.58%) of the females delivered with cesarean section and most common indication for cesarean section Pathological CTG in 15 (20.55%) patients. Mean birth weight was recorded to be 3.25 ± 0.86 kg and about one third of the babies, 24 (32.88%) babies required admission in NICU. A large number 31 (42.47%) of the children had low APGAR score (< 7) at 5 minutes. Conclusions: The development of foetal distress, meconium-stained liquor, caesarean delivery rates, NICU admission rates, and low birth weight are all linked to pregnancies with isolated oligohydramnios