Effective use of indigenous technology with particular reference to earth stabilised material for rural housing in Sindh

Earth was one of earliest materials used for construction of human shelters. In its raw state, it does not meet the basic physical properties required of a material for use in construction, i. e. compressive strength and durability (water resistance). The raw material can be stabilised to improve these properties through chemical, physical and mechanical methods. Chemical and physical methods involve mixing and compacting the earth with various materials to increase its compressive strength and reduce its propensity to shrink and swell. Mechanical methods of stabilisation involve only compaction of the raw material to produce blocks. Stabilised blocks have adequate compressive strength and durability for use in lowincome housing. They are also easy to handle, can be moulded to a variety of shapes and are suitable for use as structural blocks. The latest developments in the design of moulding machines means that stabilised blocks can be produced on-site at approximately half the cost of the next cheapest construction material (hollow concrete block). The most important consideration in the stabilisation process is the choice of material for mixing. The choice is based on three criteria: (i) composition of the earth, (ii) local availability of the stabilising material and (iii) cost of the stabilising material. For example, in terms of composition, earth with a high clay content, such as the samples used in this study from Sindh Province, Pakistan, was found unsuitable for construction purposes. This is because the clay minerals cause excessive shrinkage and expansion of the material. However, work conducted in this study found that the effects of clay can be mitigated by correcting particle size distribution and stabilisation. Specimens of stabilised material were produced to measure the affects of mixing various additives, including cement, lime, linseed oil, and calcium chloride, with earth. The key findings from research carried out on these specimens are: (a) Cement can not be used without correction of particle size distribution. (b) Previous research work has found lime to be the most effective stabiliser in terms of improving compressive strength. However, it was found that, in the case of the high clay content earth used in this study, cement provided better results. (c) In earth stabilised through correction of particle size distribution, linseed oil provided the most improvement to water resistance. (d) Calcium Chloride is not suitable for use as a stabiliser with earth containing a high proportion of clay minerals. This is because it reacts with the clay minerals to produce water. -(e) A comparative study of the cost and engineering benefits of various stabilised specimens showed that cement provides the greatest improvement to durability, but at the highest cost. Lime was found to be the best stabilising material for high clay content earth in terms of overall cost and engineering benefit. It provides adequate improvement to durability at low cost. Linseed oil was the cheapest stabilising material but, although greatly improving water resistance, it provided little improvement to compressive strength

ECPPA: Randomised trial of low dose aspirin for the prevention of maternal and fetal complications in high risk pregnant women

Objective To determine the effectiveness of low dose aspirin in women at high risk of adverse outcomes associated with pre-eclampsia.Design A collaborative randomised trial comparing the effects of low dose aspirin (60 mg) with placebo on pre-eclampsia and other materno-fetal complications associated with hypertension.Setting Twelve teaching maternity hospitals and 182 obstetricians' offices in Brazil.Subjects One thousand and nine women considered to be at high risk for the development of preeclampsia, or its complications, entered the study between 12 and 32 weeks of gestation. They were randomly allocated to receive aspirin (498 women) or placebo (511 women) until delivery, and follow up was obtained for 96%.Results There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in the incidence of proteinuric pre-eclampsia (6.7% aspirin-allocated compared with 6.0% placebo-allocated women), of preterm delivery (22.3% compared with 26.1%), of intrauterine growth retardation (8.5% compared with 10.1%), or of stillbirth and neonatal death (7.3% compared with 6.0%), nor were there significant differences in the incidence of proteinuric pre-eclampsia in any subgroup of women studied, including those who had systolic blood pressures of 120 mmHg or above at entry (8.5% compared with 7.3%) or those who were chronically hypertensive (10.0% compared with 7.1%). Aspirin was not associated with a significant excess of maternal or fetal bleeding.Conclusion The results of this study do not support the routine prophylactic administration of low dose aspirin in pregnancy to any category of high risk women (even those who have chronic hypertension or who are considered to be especially liable to early onset pre-eclampsia).ESCOLA PAULISTA MED,DEPT MED,MED CLIN D,RUA BOTUCATU 740,BR-04023900 SAO PAULO,BRAZILESCOLA PAULISTA MED,DEPT MED,MED CLIN D,RUA BOTUCATU 740,BR-04023900 SAO PAULO,BRAZILWeb of Scienc