Why are western diet and western lifestyle pro-inflammatory risk factors of celiac disease?

The prevalence of celiac disease increased in recent years. In addition to the genetic and immunological factors, it appears that environmental determinants are also involved in the pathophysiology of celiac disease. Gastrointestinal infections impact the development of celiac disease. Current research does not directly confirm the protective effect of natural childbirth and breastfeeding on celiac disease. However, it seems that in genetically predisposed children, the amount of gluten introduced into the diet may have an impact on celiac disease development. Also western lifestyle, including western dietary patterns high in fat, sugar, and gliadin, potentially may increase the risk of celiac disease due to changes in intestinal microbiota, intestinal permeability, or mucosal inflammation. Further research is needed to expand the knowledge of the relationship between environmental factors and the development of celiac disease to define evidence-based preventive interventions against the development of celiac disease. The manuscript summarizes current knowledge on factors predisposing to the development of celiac disease including factors associated with the western lifestyle

Assessment of dietary habits among Polish women with Hashimoto's disease

Introduction. Selected dietary components are crucial for a properly functioning thyroid gland. Therefore a healthy and balanced diet is  crucial for treating patients with Hashimoto's disease. Aim. This study aims to evaluate the dietary habits of women suffering from autoimmune thyroiditis. Material and methods. A questionnaire study was conducted in a group of 58 women with Hashimoto's disease and among 42 women without autoimmune thyroiditis using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ-6). To assess compliance with the normal distribution, we used the Shapiro-Wilk test. The comparative assessment was made using the Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test. The Chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between the response and the group. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results. The study showed no significant differences in dietary habits between the two groups. Only 29% (n=15) of women with HT declared daily consumption of fruits vs 31% (n=12) in the control group (p=0.3800), and only 2% (n=1) declared consuming berries daily vs. 5% (n=2), (p=0.5270). The consumption of the recommended several portions of vegetables per day was declared by only 22% (n=11) of women with HT vs 28% (n=11) in the control group (p=0.3983). 42% (n=24) of women with HT vs 38.5% (n=16) of controls reported eating cruciferous vegetables several times a week (p=0.8241). 14% (n=8) of women with HT vs 19% (n=8) of women in the control group declared daily consumption of green leafy vegetables (p=0.3653). Most people in the study group consume nuts and seeds several times a month, and those in the control group several times a week. Most HT respondents also declare not to consume the recommended amount of fish. Conclusions. The diet of patients with Hashimoto's disease does not differ significantly from that of non-Hashimoto's disease patients. Considering the study results and current scientific knowledge, it seems necessary to undertake educational activities for patients with Hashimoto's disease to increase patient awareness of the impact of diet on the course of the disease

Triada sportsmenek — postępowanie żywieniowe

The fe male at hlete t riad i s a group o f s ymptoms t hat a re m ost o ften o bserved a mongathletes of endurance and aesthetic spor ts, but increasingly also among women practingrecreational spor ts. This syndrome includes low energy availability, menstrual disorders,and in par ticular secondary amenorrhea and low bone mineral density, which can lead toosteoporosis. Eating disorders are also often found. The increasing number of scientific evidences confirms the significant impact of proper nutritional management on treatment and prevention of the athlete triad. The main factor determining the development of menstrualdisorders and bone disorders is the low availability of energy, therefor the supply ofcalories appropriate to the needs is an essential element of therapeutic treatment. Equallyimportant is the coverage of the demand for vitamins and minerals, especially calcium,vitamin D and iron. This is associated with the selection of appropriate food products,and often supplementation. In the diet, special attention should be paid to the amount andfrequency of consumed meals, enriching the menu in products with high energy densityand selecting products with less fiber content. It should also be ensured that the menutakes into account the daily problems of the patient, i.e. lack of appetite and bloating, abdominalpain or nausea resulting from the increased supply of calories. An individualizednutritional intervention is an extremely impor tant element of both prevention and treatmentof the female athlete triad.Triada sportsmenek to zespół objawów, które najczęściej obserwuje się wśród zawodniczek sportów wytrzymałościowych i estetycznych, ale coraz powszechniej także wśród kobiet uprawiających sport rekreacyjnie. Zespół ten obejmuje niską dostępność energii, zaburzenia miesiączkowania, a w szczególności wtórny brak miesiączki oraz niską gęstość mineralną kości, która może prowadzić do osteoporozy. Nierzadko stwierdzane są też zaburzenia odżywiania. Wzrastająca liczba dowodów naukowych potwierdza znaczący wpływ prawidłowego postepowania żywieniowego na przebieg leczenia oraz profilaktykę triady sportsmenek. Głównym czynnikiem determinującym rozwój zaburzeń miesiączkowania i zaburzeń kostnych jest niska dostępność energii, dlatego podaż kalorii odpowiednia do zapotrzebowania jest niezbędnym elementem postępowania terapeutycznego. Równie istotne jest pokrycie zapotrzebowania na witaminy i składniki mineralne, a zwłaszcza wapń, witaminę D i żelazo, co wiąże się z doborem odpowiednich produktów żywnościowych, a często także suplementacją. W diecie szczególną uwagę należy zwrócić na ilość i częstotliwość spożywanych posiłków, wzbogacenie jadłospisu w produkty o wysokiej gęstości energetycznej oraz wybieranie produktów z mniejszą zawartością błonnika. Należy także zadbać o to, by jadłospis uwzględniał dolegliwości pacjentki, czyli brak apetytu oraz wzdęcia, bóle brzucha czy nudności wynikające ze zwiększonej podaży kalorii. Zindywidualizowana interwencja żywieniowa jest niezmiernie ważnym elementem zarówno prewencji, jak i leczenia  triady sportsmenek

Wpływ diety zachodniej na przepuszczalność bariery jelitowej

The intestinal mucosa allows the interaction between the internal and the external environment,taking part in the immune response. As a result of intestinal damage or dysbiosis, the intestinalbarrier can increase its permeability, contributing to the development of chronic inflammationthat leads to many diseases. One of the factors adversely affecting intestinal microbiota is thewestern-style diet, which is characterized by high supply of energy, protein of animal origin,saturated fatty acids and simple carbohydrates with low supply of dietary fiber, choline and folicacid. In addition, this diet is deficient in calcium and vitamin D, and the products consumed arehighly processed and contain large amounts of sodium. Thus, the western-style diet contributes to the increase of intestinal permeability. The basis for the treatment of this condition should bea modification of eating habits and appropriate probiotic therapy. Błona śluzowa jelit pozwala na interakcję między organizmem człowieka a środowiskiem zewnętrznym i bierze udział w odpowiedzi immunologicznej. W wyniku uszkodzenia lub dysbiozy jelitowej, bariera jelitowa może zwiększyć swoją przepuszczalność, przyczyniając się do rozwoju przewlekłego stanu zapalnego, który leży u podłoża wielu chorób. Jednym z czynników wpływających niekorzystnie na stan mikrobioty jelitowej jest dieta zachodnia, charakteryzująca się wysoką podażą energii, białka pochodzenia zwierzęcego, kwasów tłuszczowych nasyconych oraz węglowodanów prostych przy jednocześnie niskiej podaży błonnika pokarmowego, choliny i kwasu foliowego. Ponadto, dieta ta jest niedoborowa w wapń i witaminę D, a spożywane produkty są wysoko przetworzone oraz zawierają duże ilości sodu. Tym samym dieta zachodnia zwiększa ryzyko nadmiernej przepuszczalności jelit. Podstawą leczenia tego stanu powinna być modyfikacja nawyków żywieniowych i probiotykoterapia.

Is There an Ideal Diet to Protect against Iodine Deficiency?

Iodine deficiency is a global issue and affects around 2 billion people worldwide, with pregnant women as a high-risk group. Iodine-deficiency prevention began in the 20th century and started with global salt iodination programmes, which aimed to improve the iodine intake status globally. Although it resulted in the effective eradication of the endemic goitre, it seems that salt iodination did not resolve all the issues. Currently, it is recommended to limit the consumption of salt, which is the main source of iodine, as a preventive measure of non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension or cancer the prevalence of which is increasing. In spite of the fact that there are other sources of iodine, such as fish, seafood, dairy products, water, and vegetables, the high consumption of processed food with a high content of unionised salt, alternative diets or limited salt intake can still lead to iodine deficiency. Thus, iodine deficiency remains a relevant issue, with new, preventive solutions necessary. However, it appears that there is no diet which would fully cover the iodine requirements, and iodine food supplementation is still required

Why Does Obesity as an Inflammatory Condition Predispose to Colorectal Cancer?

Obesity is a complex and multifactorial problem of global importance. Additionally, obesity causes chronic inflammation, upregulates cell growth, disturbs the immune system, and causes genomic instability, increasing the risk of carcinogenesis. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers, and it has become a global problem. In 2018, there were around 1.8 million new cases and around 881,000 deaths worldwide. Another risk factor of colorectal cancer associated with obesity is poor diet. A Western diet, including a high intake of red and processed meat and a low consumption of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and fiber, may increase the risk of both colorectal cancer and obesity. Moreover, the Western diet is associated with a proinflammatory profile diet, which may also affect chronic low-grade inflammation. In fact, people with obesity often present gut dysbiosis, increased inflammation, and risk of colorectal cancer. In this article, the association between obesity and colorectal cancer is discussed, including the most important mechanisms, such as low-grade chronic inflammation, gut dysbiosis, and poor diet

Where Do We Stand in the Behavioral Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease? The Western Dietary Pattern and Microbiota—A Narrative Review

Despite the increasing knowledge with regard to IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), the etiology of these conditions is still not fully understood. Apart from immunological, environmental and nutritional factors, which have already been well documented, it is worthwhile to look at the possible impact of genetic factors, as well as the composition of the microbiota in patients suffering from IBD. New technologies in biochemistry allow to obtain information that can add to the current state of knowledge in IBD etiology