Chapter 15 Magnetic Properties of Soils

Iron-containing minerals, i.e., magnetic minerals, constitute an intimate part of a soil. These can be derived from the parent rock from which the soil developed, or can be formed in situ, or can be deposited from the atmosphere, originating from natural or anthropogenic sources. Recently, measurement of the magnetic properties of soils have found an increased use in detecting pollution, as a substitute of more time-consuming chemical techniques. The current chapter provides a brief background of the basic concepts of magnetism in order to define the parameters that are used in studies of contamination of soils. A detailed discussion is provided about the various classes of magnetic materials together with the methods that are used to measure magnetic parameters. The effects of several factors such as the presence of iron oxides, mineralogy, and grain size on the magnetic parameters are discussed, as well as, the dependence of the soil magnetic susceptibility on parent lithology, climate, oxidation/reduction, organic matter, topography, sediment source, particle size, and time. The relation between soil contamination, by heavy metals and organic pollutants, and the magnetic properties of soils are detailed based on recent scientific findings. Finally, the function of magnetic bacteria in the presence of contaminants and their impact on natural soil remediation as well as the measurement of a soil\u27s magnetic properties is discussed

Simultaneous detection of androgen and estrogen abuse in breeding animals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) evaluated against alternative methods

The administration of synthetic homologues of naturally occurring steroids can be demonstrated by measuring C-13/C-12 isotopic ratios of their urinary metabolites. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) was used in this study to appraise in a global approach isotopic deviations of two 17 beta-testosterone metabolites (17 alpha-testosterone and etiocholanolone) and one 17 beta-estradiol metabolite (17 alpha-estradiol) together with those of 5-androstene-3 beta,17 alpha-diol as endogenous reference compound (ERC). Intermediate precisions of 0.35 parts per thousand, 1.05 parts per thousand, 0.35 parts per thousand, and 0.21 parts per thousand, respectively, were observed (n = 8). To assess the performance of the analytical method, a bull and a heifer were treated with 17 beta-testosterone propionate and 17 beta-estradiol-3-benzoate. The sensitivity of the method permitted the demonstration of 17 beta-estradiol treatment up to 24 days. For 17 beta-testosterone treatment, the detection windows were 3 days and 24 days for the bull and the heifer, respectively. The capability of GC-MS/C/IRMS to demonstrate natural steroid abuse for urinary steroids was eventually compared to those of mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) when measuring intact steroid esters in blood and hair

Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) to detect the abuse of 17β-estradiol in cattle

Although the ability to differentiate between endogenous steroids and synthetic homologues on the basis of their C-13/C-12 isotopic ratio has been known for over a decade, this technique has been scarcely implemented for food safety purposes. In this study, a method was developed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) to demonstrate the abuse of 17 beta-estradiol in cattle, by comparison of the 13C/12C ratios of the main metabolite 17 alpha-estradiol and an endogenous reference compound (ERC), 5-androstene-3 beta,17 alpha-diol, in bovine urine. The intermediate precisions were determined as 0.46 and 0.26 parts per thousand for 5-androstene-3 beta,17 alpha-diol and 17 alpha-estrachol, respectively. This is, to the authors' knowledge, the first reported use of GC-MS/C/IRMS for the analysis of steroid compounds for food safety issues

Lipid based intramuscular long-acting injectables: Current state of the art

Long acting injectables (LAI) have received increased research and commercial interest due to their potential for improving treatment effectiveness and adherence for antipsychotic, antiviral and addiction treatments. A range of materials have been used to formulate LAI products, including lipids and polymers. Classic lipid-based LAI, such as oil solutions of antipsychotic drugs, have been widely prescribed to patients. Clinical evidence has shown significantly improved key therapeutic markers such as reduction of relapses in the case of schizophrenia patients. The commercial LAI products can be given either via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The main types of lipid-based LAI formulations include oil solutions, lipid-based nanoparticles and lipid based liquid crystal formulations, which are currently clinically available, and oil suspensions and oleogels and which currently have no commercial products available. This review will discuss all relevant aspects related to the development of lipid-based long acting injectables with a special focus on intramuscular (IM) injectables. It aims to provide useful guidance on effective future LAI product design and development. Lipid-based nanoformulations are not discussed in this review as they are thoroughly reviewed in literature elsewhere

Simultaneous Detection of Androgen and Estrogen Abuse in Breeding Animals by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry/Combustion/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) Evaluated against Alternative Methods

The administration of synthetic homologues of naturally occurring steroids can be demonstrated by measuring ¹³C/¹²C isotopic ratios of their urinary metabolites. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) was used in this study to appraise in a global approach isotopic deviations of two 17β-testosterone metabolites (17α-testosterone and etiocholanolone) and one 17β-estradiol metabolite (17α-estradiol) together with those of 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol as endogenous reference compound (ERC). Intermediate precisions of 0.35‰, 1.05‰, 0.35‰, and 0.21‰, respectively, were observed (<i>n</i> = 8). To assess the performance of the analytical method, a bull and a heifer were treated with 17β-testosterone propionate and 17β-estradiol-3-benzoate. The sensitivity of the method permitted the demonstration of 17β-estradiol treatment up to 24 days. For 17β-testosterone treatment, the detection windows were 3 days and 24 days for the bull and the heifer, respectively. The capability of GC-MS/C/IRMS to demonstrate natural steroid abuse for urinary steroids was eventually compared to those of mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) when measuring intact steroid esters in blood and hair

New Method Based on Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection (CE-LIF) to Monitor Interaction between Nanoparticles and the Amyloid-β Peptide

A novel application of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) was proposed to efficiently detect and monitor the interaction between polymeric nanoparticles and the β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ(1-42)), a biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease (AD), at concentrations close to physiological conditions. The CE-LIF method allowed the interaction between PEGylated poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (NPs) and the soluble Aβ(1-42) peptide monomers to be highlighted. These results were confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Whereas SPR showed an interaction between the NPs and the Aβ(1-42) peptide, CLSM allowed the formation of large aggregates/assemblies at high NP and peptide concentrations to be visualized. All these results suggested that these nanoparticles could bind the Aβ(1-42) peptide and influence its aggregation kinetics. Interestingly, the non-PEGylated poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) NPs did not alter the aggregation kinetics of the Aβ(1-42) peptide, thus emphasizing the high level of discrimination of the CE-LIF method with respect to NP