Excision And Recovery: Visual Defect Obfuscation Based Self-Supervised Anomaly Detection Strategy

Due to scarcity of anomaly situations in the early manufacturing stage, an unsupervised anomaly detection (UAD) approach is widely adopted which only uses normal samples for training. This approach is based on the assumption that the trained UAD model will accurately reconstruct normal patterns but struggles with unseen anomalous patterns. To enhance the UAD performance, reconstruction-by-inpainting based methods have recently been investigated, especially on the masking strategy of suspected defective regions. However, there are still issues to overcome: 1) time-consuming inference due to multiple masking, 2) output inconsistency by random masking strategy, and 3) inaccurate reconstruction of normal patterns when the masked area is large. Motivated by this, we propose a novel reconstruction-by-inpainting method, dubbed Excision And Recovery (EAR), that features single deterministic masking based on the ImageNet pre-trained DINO-ViT and visual obfuscation for hint-providing. Experimental results on the MVTec AD dataset show that deterministic masking by pre-trained attention effectively cuts out suspected defective regions and resolve the aforementioned issues 1 and 2. Also, hint-providing by mosaicing proves to enhance the UAD performance than emptying those regions by binary masking, thereby overcomes issue 3. Our approach achieves a high UAD performance without any change of the neural network structure. Thus, we suggest that EAR be adopted in various manufacturing industries as a practically deployable solution.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 5 table

Anti-obesity effects of heat-transformed green tea extract through the activation of adipose tissue thermogenesis

Abstract Background Adipose tissue thermogenesis is a potential therapeutic target to increase energy expenditure and thereby combat obesity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the thermogenic and anti-obesity effects of heat-transformed green tea extract (HTGT) and enzymatically modified isoquercetin (EMIQ). Methods Immortalized brown pre-adipocytes and C3H10T1/2 cells were used for in vitro analyses. A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model and CIDEA-reporter mice were used for in vivo experiments. The effects of HTGT and EMIQ on mitochondrial metabolism were evaluated by immunoblot, mitochondrial staining, and oxygen consumption rate analyses. In vivo anti-obesity effects of HTGT and EMIQ were measured using indirect calorimetry, body composition analyses, glucose tolerance tests, and histochemical analyses. Results Co-treatment with HTGT and EMIQ (50μg/mL each) for 48h increased brown adipocyte marker and mitochondrial protein levels (UCP1 and COXIV) in brown adipocytes by 2.9-fold, while the maximal and basal oxygen consumption rates increased by 1.57- and 1.39-fold, respectively. Consistently, HTGT and EMIQ treatment increased the fluorescence intensity of mitochondrial staining in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes by 1.68-fold. The combination of HTGT and EMIQ (100mg/kg each) increased the expression levels of brown adipocyte markers and mitochondrial proteins in adipose tissue. Two weeks of HTGT and EMIQ treatment (100mg/kg each) led to a loss of 3% body weight and 7.09% of body fat. Furthermore, the treatment increased energy expenditure by 8.95% and improved glucose tolerance in HFD-fed mice. Conclusions The current study demonstrated that HTGT and EMIQ have in vivo anti-obesity effects partly by increasing mitochondrial metabolism in adipocytes. Our findings suggest that a combination of HTGT and EMIQ is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases

Microvessel rupture induced by high-intensity therapeutic ultrasound—a study of parameter sensitivity in a simple in vivo model

Safety analyses of transcranial therapeutic ultrasound procedures require knowledge of the dependence of the rupture probability and rupture time upon sonication parameters. As previous vessel-rupture studies have concentrated on a specific set of exposure conditions, there is a need for more comprehensive parametric studies. Probability of rupture and rupture times were measured by exposing the large blood vessel of a live earthworm to high-intensity focused ultrasound pulse trains of various characteristics. Pressures generated by the ultrasound transducers were estimated through numerical solutions to the KZK (Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov) equation. Three ultrasound frequencies (1.1, 2.5, and 3.3 MHz) were considered, as were three pulse repetition frequencies (1, 3, and 10 Hz), and two duty factors (0.0001, 0.001). The pressures produced ranged from 4 to 18 MPa. Exposures of up to 10 min in duration were employed. Trials were repeated an average of 11 times. No trends as a function of pulse repetition rate were identifiable, for either probability of rupture or rupture time. Rupture time was found to be a strong function of duty factor at the lower pressures; at 1.1 MHz the rupture time was an order of magnitude lower for the 0.001 duty factor than the 0.0001. At moderate pressures, the difference between the duty factors was less, and there was essentially no difference between duty factors at the highest pressure. Probability of rupture was not found to be a strong function of duty factor. Rupture thresholds were about 4 MPa for the 1.1 MHz frequency, 7 MPa at 3.3 MHz, and 11 MPa for the 2.5 MHz, though the pressure value at 2.5 MHz frequency will likely be reduced when steep-angle corrections are accounted for in the KZK model used to estimate pressures. Mechanical index provided a better collapse of the data (less separation of the curves pertaining to the different frequencies) than peak negative pressure, for both probability of rupture and rupture time. The results provide a database with which investigations in more complex animal models can be compared, potentially establishing trends by which bioeffects in human vessels can be estimated.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40349-017-0082-

Experience of Subjective Symptoms in Euthymic Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar patients often experience subjective symptoms even if they do not have active psychotic symptoms in their euthymic state. Most studies about subjective symptoms are conducted in schizophrenia, and there are few studies involving bipolar patients. We examined the nature of the subjective symptoms of bipolar patients in their euthymic state, and we also compared it to that of schizophrenia and normal control. Thirty bipolar patients, 25 patients with schizophrenia, and 21 normal control subjects were included. Subjective symptoms were assessed using the Korean version of the Frankfurter Beschwerde Fragebogen (K-FBF) and the Symptom Check List 90-R (SCL90-R). Euthymic state was confirmed by assessing objective psychopathology with the Positive and Negative Syndrome scale of Schizophrenia (PANSS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). K-FBF score was significantly higher in bipolar patients than in normal controls, but similar to that in schizophrenia patients (F=5.86, p=0.004, R2=2033.6). In contrast, SCL90-R scores did not differ significantly among the three groups. Euthymic bipolar patients experience subjective symptoms that are more confined to cognitive domain. This finding supports the hypothesis that subtle cognitive impairments persists in euthymic bipolar patients

황화아연 일차원 나노구조의 제조 및 응용

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 화학부 물리화학전공, 2015. 8. 장두전.A facile wet-chemical hydrothermal synthetic method has been applied to fabricate single-crystalline ZnS nanobelts showing the intense and narrow ultraviolet luminescence at room temperature. The ternary mixed solvents of hydrazine, ethylenediamine, and water plays an important role to synthesize wurtzite ZnS nanobelts via one-step hydrothermal process. As-prepared ZnS nanobelts have also been found to chemically pure, structurally uniform, single-crystalline, and defect-free. These features bring about a highly narrow band-edge luminescence at room temperature. The one-dimensional ZnS nanobelts have also been applied to the visible-blindness ultraviolet photodetector and highly efficient photocatalysts with hybridization of the graphene. Chapter 1 gives a brief overview of nanosized materials especially on II-VI semiconductors. Materials in the nanoscale range show markedly different both the chemical and physical properties from those observed in micro and bulk matter. The optical properties and crystallographic structures of one-dimensional ZnS as well as their synthetic methods of chemically and physically, have been explained. In Chapter 2, the distinct properties of ZnS-ethylenediamine inorganic-organic hybrid nanobelts are discussed. A template-free and one-pot solvothermal process has been applied to synthesis of hybrid nanobelts and their aspect ratios have been controlled by adjusting solvent volume ratios of hydrazine monohydrate to ethylenediamine. The observed data from the room-temperature photoluminescence spectra of hybrid nanobelts distinct three bands, which are assigned to band-edge emission, trap sites-related emission, and anion-vacancy emission, respectively. Chapter 3 presents one-step hydrothermal synthesis of one-dimensional ZnS nanobelts having a narrow band-edge emission at room temperature. The preparation of this synthetic method has been reported for the first time. The obtained photoluminescence spectrum has been fitted well with multiple Lorentzian profiles, which was interpreted by comparison to previous theoretical studies. A growth mechanism of wurtzite ZnS nanostructures are also given. Diverse methods such as transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy have been employed to understand the facile growth mechanism of wurtzite ZnS nanobelts showing intense ultraviolet luminescence. Wurtzite ZnS nanobelts have been found to form as ethylenediamine molecules escape via hydration from the lamellar structures of ZnS-ethyelediamine nanobelts, which are a reaction intermediate produced at the early stage of the reaction. The chemical composition, the morphology, and the optical properties of the produced ZnS nanobelts have been controlled well by systematically varying time, temperature, and solvents. In Chapter 4, applications of graphene-ZnS nanobelts hybrid nanostructures are discussed. High-performance ultraviolet photodetectors have been fabricated based on the hybrid structure of solution-grown ZnS nanobelts and chemical vapor deposition-grown graphene. The increment of the effective-junction region between graphene and photoactive ZnS nanobelts by the sandwitched structure has been attributed to bring about a considerable enhanced photocurrent under light illumination to photodevices. The photoexcited electrons in the conduction band of ZnS spontaneously undergo a charge-transfer process to graphene channels, which is the ultraviolet-selective photo-detection mechanism of highly efficient photodetectors. Graphene quantum dots-embedded ZnS nanobelts have been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method, application for the photocatalysis, especially in degradation of rhodamine B using similar sun light. As-prepared graphene-ZnS nanocomposites have been presented a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity with recording apparent rate constant of 4.6 × 10?2 min?1 which is 14 and 1.9 times higher than that of the commercially available ZnS powder and pristine ZnS nanobelts, respectively. The enhanced performance of graphene-ZnS nanocomposites in comparison with individual constituents suggest the effective separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs and narrowing the band gaps of nanocomposites.Table of Contents Abstract of Dissertation ⅰ List of Figures and Tables 1 Chapter 1. General Introduction 8 1. 1. Nanosized and Nanostructured Materials 9 1. 1. 1. Quantum-Confinement Effects 10 1. 1. 2. Surface Effects 13 1. 1. 3. Applications of Nanosized Materials 15 1. 2. One-Dimensional Semiconductor Nanostructures 17 1. 3. ZnS Nanostructures 19 1. 3. 1. Crystallographic Structures of ZnS 19 1. 3. 2. Optical Properties of ZnS Nanostructures 21 1. 3. 3. Synthesis of One-Dimensional ZnS Nanostructures 26 1. 4. References 28 Chapter 2. One-Pot and Template-Free Fabrication of ZnS·(ethylenediamine)0.5 Hybrid Nanobelts 31 2. 1. Abstract 32 2. 2. Introduction 33 2. 3. Experimental Details 36 2. 4. Results and Discussion 38 2. 5. Conclusion 53 2. 6. Acknowledgements 54 2. 7. References 54 Chapter 3. Fabrication and Growth Mechanism of Single-Crystalline ZnS Nanobelts 58 Part 3A. Facile One-Step Hydrothermal Fabrication of Single-Crystalline ZnS Nanobelts with Narrow Band-Edge Luminescence 59 3A. 1. Abstract 59 3A. 2. Introduction 60 3A. 3. Experimental Details 62 3A. 4. Results and Discussion 63 3A. 5. Conclusion 73 3A. 6. Acknowledgements 73 3A. 7. References 73 Part 3B. Facile-Growth Mechanism of Wurtzite ZnS Nanostructures Showing Intense Ultraviolet Luminescence 76 3B. 1. Abstract 76 3B. 2. Introduction 77 3B. 3. Experimental Details 80 3B. 4. Results and Discussion 82 3B. 5. Conclusion 95 3B. 6. Acknowledgements 96 3B. 7. References 96 Chapter 4. Applications of Graphene/ZnS Nanobelts Hybrid Nanostructures 100 Part 4A. High-Performance Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on Solution-Grown ZnS Nanobelts Sandwiched Between Graphene Layers 101 4A. 1. Abstract 101 4A. 2. Introduction 102 4A. 3. Experimental Details 104 4A. 4. Results and Discussion 106 4A. 5. Conclusion 118 4A. 6. Acknowledgements 119 4A. 7. References 119 Part 4B. Graphene Quantum Dots-Embedded ZnS Nanobelts with Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Performances 123 4B. 1. Abstract 123 4B. 2. Introduction 124 4B. 3. Experimental Details 126 4B. 4. Results and Discussion 128 4B. 5. Conclusion 138 4B. 6. Acknowledgements 138 4B. 7. References 139 Appendices 142 A. 1. List of Publications 142 A. 2. List of Presentations 143 A. 2. 1. International Presentations 143 A. 2. 2. Domestic Presentations 143 Abstract (Korean) 147Docto

A CNN-based 3D human pose estimation based on projection of depth and ridge data

We propose a method that use a convolutional neural network (CNN) to estimate human pose by analyzing the projection of the depth and ridge data, which represent local maxima in a distance transform map. To fully utilize the 3D information of depth points, we propose a method to project the depth and ridge data on various directions. The proposed projection method can reduce the 3D information loss, the ridge data can avoid joint drift, and the CNN increases localization accuracy. The proposed method proceeds as follows. (1) We use depth data to segment the human from the background and extract ridge data from human silhouettes. (2) We project the depth and ridge data onto XY, XZ, and ZY planes. (3) ResNet-101 accepts six projected images and use 1 x 1 convolution layers to generate 2D heatmaps and offsets. (4) We generate 2D keypoints per plane by using the soft-argmax operation. (5) We obtain 3D joint positions by using the fully-connected layers. In experiments on the SMMC-10, EVAL, and ITOP datasets, the proposed method achieved the state-of-the-art pose estimation accuracies. The proposed method can eliminate the 3D information loss and drift of joint positions that can occur during estimation of human pose. Keywords: 3D Human pose estimation 3D Point projection Ridge data (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.11Nsciescopu

Special Issue on Research and Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Cementitious Materials

Concrete is the most-produced product on the planet [...