Source Behavior for ATM ABR Traffic Management: An Explanation

The Available Bit Rate (ABR) service has been developed to support data applications over Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. The network continuously monitors its traffic and provides feedback to the source end systems. This paper explains the rules that the sources have to follow to achieve a fair and efficient allocation of network resources.Comment: IEEE Communications Magazine, November 1, 1996, vol 34, no11, pp50-5

Performance and Buffering Requirements of Internet Protocols over ATM ABR and UBR Services

The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks are quickly being adopted as backbones over various parts of the Internet. This paper analyzes the performance of TCP/IP protocols over ATM network's Available Bit Rate (ABR) and Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) services. It is shown that ABR pushes congestion to the edges of the ATM network while UBR leaves it inside the ATM portion.Comment: IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol 36, no 6, pp152-15

Performance of Bursty World Wide Web (WWW) Sources over ABR

We model World Wide Web (WWW) servers and clients running over an ATM network using the ABR (available bit rate) service. The WWW servers are modeled using a variant of the SPECweb96 benchmark, while the WWW clients are based on a model by Mah. The traffic generated by this application is typically bursty, i.e., it has active and idle periods in transmission. A timeout occurs after given amount of idle period. During idle period the underlying TCP congestion windows remain open until a timeout expires. These open windows may be used to send data in a burst when the application becomes active again. This raises the possibility of large switch queues if the source rates are not controlled by ABR. We study this problem and show that ABR scales well with a large number of bursty TCP sources in the system.Comment: Submitted to WebNet `97, Toronto, November 9

The link between juvenile delinquency and visual problems

Research has shown that juvenile delinquents exhibit a high prevalence of visual dysfunction. There is also a strong literature base on the social behavior problems is this same population. The aim of this thesis is to examine the hypothesis that there is an association between disruptive classroom behavior in middle school age at risk students and visual dysfunction. 70 socially at risk juveniles were screened with a visual battery consisting of: refractive status, eye movement skills, near-far focusing ability, form discrimination, and eye health. The Child Behavior Checklist was utilized to establish child behavior profiles. Relative risk factors were evident with refractive disorders, binocular dysfunction, eye motility, and form discrimination. However, the associations did not yield statistically significant correlations between certain problematic behaviors and visual difficulties

State2Explanation: Concept-Based Explanations to Benefit Agent Learning and User Understanding

With more complex AI systems used by non-AI experts to complete daily tasks, there is an increasing effort to develop methods that produce explanations of AI decision making understandable by non-AI experts. Towards this effort, leveraging higher-level concepts and producing concept-based explanations have become a popular method. Most concept-based explanations have been developed for classification techniques, and we posit that the few existing methods for sequential decision making are limited in scope. In this work, we first contribute a desiderata for defining "concepts" in sequential decision making settings. Additionally, inspired by the Protege Effect which states explaining knowledge often reinforces one's self-learning, we explore the utility of concept-based explanations providing a dual benefit to the RL agent by improving agent learning rate, and to the end-user by improving end-user understanding of agent decision making. To this end, we contribute a unified framework, State2Explanation (S2E), that involves learning a joint embedding model between state-action pairs and concept-based explanations, and leveraging such learned model to both (1) inform reward shaping during an agent's training, and (2) provide explanations to end-users at deployment for improved task performance. Our experimental validations, in Connect 4 and Lunar Lander, demonstrate the success of S2E in providing a dual-benefit, successfully informing reward shaping and improving agent learning rate, as well as significantly improving end user task performance at deployment time.Comment: Accepted to NeurIPS 202

K-12 Student Success: Out-of-School time Initiative

This report is a summary of interim findings from the ongoing evaluation of the K-12 Student Success: Out-of-School Time Initiative

Handbook of common childhood disorders of the eyes for parents and educators

Handbook of common childhood disorders of the eyes for parents and educator

Visual and behavioral profiles of socially \u27at-risk\u27 juveniles

The aim of this investigation is to examine the prevalence of visual dysfunction, behavior problems, and co-existing conditions between the two in the socially at-risk juvenile population. A sample of 70 socially at risk juveniles was drawn from alternative classrooms in the public schools and a training facility for boys. A visual screening battery was administered on -site at each of the three facilities. The screening consisted of: acuity measurement, static retinoscopy, cover test, near point of convergence, stereo acuity, accommodative facility, mobility (DEM), visual-motor perception (Beery), and direct ophthalmoscopy. Behavior profiles were assessed by the classroom teacher utilizing the Child Behavior Check List (Achenbach). Failure was designated as any clinical score. All 70 subjects failed some area of visual function ranging from 0% in ocular disease to 70% in visual-motor perception to 7 1 % in refractive problems. All. subjects displayed some sort of clinically significant behavior problem ranging from 4% in somatic complaints to 27% who measured anxious/depressed. Co-existing conditions with \u27fail scores that were 20% congruent for boys were: refractive status: withdrawn/depressed; visual motor perception: anxious/depressed. Co-existing conditions with \u27fail\u27 scores that were 20% congruent for girls were: refractive status: delinquent behavior; accommodative facility: thought problems, attention problems, delinquent behavior; Visual motor perception: delinquent behavior. It was found that juveniles from alternative classrooms exhibit a high prevalence of visual dysfunction along with certain behavior problems. This study suggests that certain visual dysfunction might be viewed as relative risk factors in these behavior problems. No conclusion can be drawn as to cause and effect. However, one is tempted to speculate that juveniles with visual dysfunction will do less well meeting academic demands and hence become prime targets for alternative education

Certainty Affect Detection in Informal Text

Uncertain and varied contexts have been shown to change individual skills and perceptions, particularly of leaders (Rast, 2012; Hutchison, Jetten & Gutierrez, 2011; Smith, Hogg, Martin & Terry, 2007). For this reason, we investigate the certain and uncertain affect of active players in a voluntary, virtual organization. Uncertainty is a constant in human interaction, and we investigate active players’ text for patterns of certainty and uncertainty affect that can assist in understanding social interactions in online communities. In this forum data, the most active players expressed significantly less uncertain or mixed certainty affect. We discuss how certainty and uncertainty affect detection provides a window into teaming and community dynamics