Online Class Incremental Learning on Stochastic Blurry Task Boundary via Mask and Visual Prompt Tuning

Continual learning aims to learn a model from a continuous stream of data, but it mainly assumes a fixed number of data and tasks with clear task boundaries. However, in real-world scenarios, the number of input data and tasks is constantly changing in a statistical way, not a static way. Although recently introduced incremental learning scenarios having blurry task boundaries somewhat address the above issues, they still do not fully reflect the statistical properties of real-world situations because of the fixed ratio of disjoint and blurry samples. In this paper, we propose a new Stochastic incremental Blurry task boundary scenario, called Si-Blurry, which reflects the stochastic properties of the real-world. We find that there are two major challenges in the Si-Blurry scenario: (1) inter- and intra-task forgettings and (2) class imbalance problem. To alleviate them, we introduce Mask and Visual Prompt tuning (MVP). In MVP, to address the inter- and intra-task forgetting issues, we propose a novel instance-wise logit masking and contrastive visual prompt tuning loss. Both of them help our model discern the classes to be learned in the current batch. It results in consolidating the previous knowledge. In addition, to alleviate the class imbalance problem, we introduce a new gradient similarity-based focal loss and adaptive feature scaling to ease overfitting to the major classes and underfitting to the minor classes. Extensive experiments show that our proposed MVP significantly outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods in our challenging Si-Blurry scenario

RADIO: Reference-Agnostic Dubbing Video Synthesis

One of the most challenging problems in audio-driven talking head generation is achieving high-fidelity detail while ensuring precise synchronization. Given only a single reference image, extracting meaningful identity attributes becomes even more challenging, often causing the network to mirror the facial and lip structures too closely. To address these issues, we introduce RADIO, a framework engineered to yield high-quality dubbed videos regardless of the pose or expression in reference images. The key is to modulate the decoder layers using latent space composed of audio and reference features. Additionally, we incorporate ViT blocks into the decoder to emphasize high-fidelity details, especially in the lip region. Our experimental results demonstrate that RADIO displays high synchronization without the loss of fidelity. Especially in harsh scenarios where the reference frame deviates significantly from the ground truth, our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods, highlighting its robustness. Pre-trained model and codes will be made public after the review.Comment: Under revie

Preparation and Characterization of Self-Emulsified Docetaxel

The aim of this paper was to prepare a self-microemulsifying docetaxel (Dtx) using PLGA, Tetraglycol, Labrasol, and Cremophor ELP. The prepared Dtx-loaded self-microemulsifying system (SMES) showed the initial size of the range of 80–100 nm with narrow size distribution and the negative zeta-potential values. Its morphology was a spherical shape by atomic force microscopy. In experiment of stability, Dtx-loaded SMES prepared in DW and BSA condition showed good stability at 37∘C for 7 days. The viability of the B16F10 cells incubated with Dtx-loaded SMES, Dtx-solution, and Taxol were decreased as a function of incubation time. In conclusion, we confirmed that Dtx-loaded SMES showed an inhibitory effect for proliferation of B16F10 melanoma cells

Reflex Movements in Patients with Brain Death: A Prospective Study in A Tertiary Medical Center

Reflex movements have been reported to occur in up to 75% of brain-dead patients, but this issue has not been addressed in Korea. The patients admitted to our hospital who met the criteria for brain death were enrolled between March 2003 and February 2005. The frequency and type of reflex movements in these patients were evaluated prospectively using a standardized protocol. Brain death was determined according to the guideline of Korean Medical Association. Of 26 patients who were included, five (19.2%) exhibited reflex movements such as the pronation-extension reflex, abdominal reflex, flexion reflex, the Lazarus sign, and periodic leg movements. This finding suggests that the frequency of spinal reflex movements is not rare and the awareness of these movements may prevent delays in brain-dead diagnosis and misinterpretations

Angiogenesis effect of udenafil in a caveolin-1 deficient moyamoya disease model: A pre-clinical animal study

Purpose Although pathogenic mechanisms of moyamoya disease (MMD) remain unknown, recent studies suggest that it is a caveolae disease. This study evaluated the effect of udenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, on angiogenesis in in vitro and in vivo MMD models. Methods Angiogenesis and vessel maturation were assessed in in vitro models, caveolin- 1 (Cav-1) knockdown human umbilical vessel endothelial cells (HUVECs) and coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMCs), and in in vivo model of bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion (bICAo). Udenafil was administered (1,3,10, and 30 μM) in cell culture conditions, and functional studies (migration and tube formation assay) were performed and vessel maturation factors and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) accumulation were measured. Results Udenafil (3 and 10 mg/kg) was orally administered once daily for 4 weeks in bICAo rat model, and histological analysis for angiogenesis and vessel maturation was performed. Udenafil increased vessel formation in both Cav-1 knockdown HUVEC and bICAo models without increased migration/proliferation of HUVECs and CASMCs. Udenafil increased CD31+ vessel density and NG2/Col4+ mural cell density in bICAo models. Cav-1 knockdown inhibited accumulation of cGMP, and udenafil treatment restored cGMP levels in Cav-1 knockdown HUVEC models. Vessel maturation factors (angiopoietin- 1 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β) and angiogenic factors (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) were increased after treatment with udenafil in vitro. Conclusion Our results indicate that udenafil reversed cellular levels of cGMP related to Cav-1 deficiency and induced angiogenesis and vessel maturation. Further studies are warranted to confirm the therapeutic effects of this strategy in MMD

전립선 선암종에서 Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 유전자형에 따른 CpG 섬 좌, LINE-1 및 Alu의 메틸화 양상 분석

Background : Genetic polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), in association with the influence of MTHFR upon DNA methylation, may cause differences of the methylation profile of cancer. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the methylation status of prostate adenocarcinoma and the genetic polymorphism of MTHFR. Methods : We examined 179 cases of prostate adenocarcinoma for determining the genotypes of MTHFR 677 and 1298, the methylation status of 16 CpG island loci and the methylation levels of the LINE-1 and Alu repeats with using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and combined bisulphite restriction analysis, respectively. Results : There was a higher proportion of the CT genotype of MTHFR 677 in the prostate adenocarcinoma than that in the normal control. The TT genotype of MTHFR 677 showed the highest frequency of methylation in six out of nine major CpG island loci, and these were which were frequently hypermethylated in prostate adenocarcinoma. The CT type showed the lowest methylation levels of LINE-1 and Alu among the MTHFR 677 genotypes. Interestingly, the CC type of MTHFR 1298 demonstrated favorable prognostic factors. Conclusions : Our study is the first to examine the methylation profile of prostate adenocarcinoma according to the MTHFR genotypes. The differences of the cancer risk, the genomic hypomethylation and the prognosis between the MTHFR genotypes in prostate adenocarcinoma should be further explored.Johansson M, 2007, CANCER CAUSE CONTROL, V18, P1169, DOI 10.1007/s10552-007-9055-zHubner RA, 2007, INT J CANCER, V120, P1027, DOI 10.1002/ijc.22440Cho NY, 2007, J PATHOL, V211, P269, DOI 10.1002/path.2106Pereira TV, 2006, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V15, P1956, DOI 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0334Larsson SC, 2006, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V131, P1271, DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.010Cadieux B, 2006, CANCER RES, V66, P8469, DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1547Graziano F, 2006, INT J CANCER, V118, P628, DOI 10.1002/ijc.21397Karpf AR, 2005, CANCER RES, V65, P8635, DOI 10.1158/0008-5472Kono S, 2005, CANCER SCI, V96, P535, DOI 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00090.xLe Marchand L, 2005, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V14, P1198Friso S, 2005, CURR DRUG METAB, V6, P37Weisenberger DJ, 2005, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V33, P6823, DOI 10.1093/nar/gki987Chalitchagorn K, 2004, ONCOGENE, V23, P8841, DOI 10.1038/sj.onc.1208137Cicek MS, 2004, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V13, P1331Castro R, 2004, J MED GENET, V41, P454, DOI 10.1136/jmg.2003.017244Kim YI, 2004, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V13, P511Yang AS, 2004, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V32, DOI 10.1093/nar/gnh032Nelson WG, 2003, NEW ENGL J MED, V349, P366Gaudet F, 2003, SCIENCE, V300, P489Bariol C, 2003, AM J PATHOL, V162, P1361Shen HB, 2001, INT J CANCER, V95, P332, DOI 10.1002/1097-0215(20010920)95:53.0.CO2-9Kimura F, 2000, PROSTATE, V45, P225Weisberg I, 1998, MOL GENET METAB, V64, P169Esteller M, 1997, CARCINOGENESIS, V18, P2307Blount BC, 1997, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V94, P3290Ma J, 1997, CANCER RES, V57, P1098Chen J, 1996, CANCER RES, V56, P4862FROSST P, 1995, NAT GENET, V10, P111