The Untouchable Executive Authority: Trump and The Section 232 Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum

In 2018, President Trump championed his way through the imposition of the Section 232 Tariffs—a heavy tax on various imports, including steel and aluminum—by broadcasting a supposedly-imminent threat to the U.S. national security. This plea, however, has been criticized as a veil for President Trump’s economic protectionism policy. Meanwhile, others have questioned the constitutionality of the statute creating the President’s authority to impose these tariffs in the first place. This Comment explores the issues arising from President Trump’s Section 232 Tariffs on steel and aluminum: (1) the validity and justiciability of President Trump’s actions under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, and (2) the constitutionality of Section 23

Cross Metathesis Assisted Solid-Phase Synthesis of Glycopeptoids

A solid-phase synthesis of glycopeptoids was explored through olefin cross metathesis (CM). Peptoids and sugar derivatives with appropriate olefin moieties were coupled in the presence of an olefin metathesis catalyst to afford glycopeptoids in good yields. This systematic solid-phase CM study can provide facile access to the molecular sources of glycopeptidomimetics and postchemical modifications on various molecular scaffolds

Ring-Closing Metathesis Approaches for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Cyclic Peptoids

Cyclic peptoids were efficiently synthesized on a solid phase in high yields utilizing ring-closing metathesis (RCM). This method should be a valuable tool for easy access to cyclic peptoid libraries and various cyclic compounds

Vibrio vulnificus RtxA Is a Major Factor Driving Inflammatory T Helper Type 17 Cell Responses in vitro and in vivo

T helper type 17 (Th17) cells are a subset of pro-inflammatory T helper cells that mediate host defense and pathological inflammation. We have previously reported that host dendritic cells (DCs) infected with Vibrio vulnificus induce Th17 responses through the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. V. vulnificus produces RTX toxin (RtxA), an important virulence factor that determines successful pathophysiology. In this study, we investigated the involvement of RtxA from V. vulnificus in Th17 cell induction through the activation and maturation of DCs. The increased expression of the DC surface marker CD40 caused by V. vulnificus wild-type infection was reduced by rtxA gene mutation in V. vulnificus. The mRNA and protein levels of Th17 polarization-related cytokines also decreased in V. vulnificus rtxA mutant-infected DCs. In addition, the co-culture of Th cells and DCs infected with rtxA mutant V. vulnificus resulted in reduction in DC-mediated Th17 responses. Th17 cell responses in the small intestinal lamina propria decreased in mice inoculated with V. vulnificus rtxA mutant as compared to those inoculated with the wild-type strain. These decreases in DC maturation, Th17-polarizing cytokine secretion, and Th17 responses attributed to rtxA mutation were restored following infection with the rtxA revertant strain. Furthermore, the mutation in the hlyU gene encoding the activator of rtxA1 gene reproduced the results observed with rtxA mutation. Taken together, V. vulnificus, by means of RtxA, induces inflammatory Th17 responses, which may be associated with adaptive responses of the host against V. vulnificus infection

The Untouchable Executive Authority: Trump and The Section 232 Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum

In 2018, President Trump championed his way through the imposition of the Section 232 Tariffs—a heavy tax on various imports, including steel and aluminum—by broadcasting a supposedly-imminent threat to the U.S. national security. This plea, however, has been criticized as a veil for President Trump’s economic protectionism policy. Meanwhile, others have questioned the constitutionality of the statute creating the President’s authority to impose these tariffs in the first place. This Comment explores the issues arising from President Trump’s Section 232 Tariffs on steel and aluminum: (1) the validity and justiciability of President Trump’s actions under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, and (2) the constitutionality of Section 23

Performance comparison of composite cathode: Mixed ionic and electronic conductor and triple ionic and electronic conductor with BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3-d for highly efficient protonic ceramic fuel cells

Rapid oxygen (O2-) electroreduction rate and high electrochemical activity towards proton (H+) and electron (e(-)) are required properties of cathode for highly efficient protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs). Herein, we investigate the effect of composite cathodes on electrochemical performance under PCFC operating conditions. To introduce protonic properties in cathodes, the proton-conducting oxide (PCO), BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3-delta (BZCYYb) is blended with (i) Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3-delta (SSC) as a mixed ionic and electronic conductor (MIEC) and (ii) PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+delta (PBSCF) as a triple ionic and electronic conductor (TIEC). Interestingly, the peak power density (PPD) ratio of SSC-BZCYYb/SSC shows over 200% enhancement, whereas the PPD ratio of PBSCF-BZCYYb/PBSCF is attained only 95.3% at 500 ?. Such a difference can be attributed to the extended H2O (gas) formation site of SSC-BZCYYb, which reduces the non-charge transfer resistance (R-3) of SSC-BZCYYb as measured by impedance spectra and fitting analysis. On the other hand, the composite effect of PBSCF-BZCYYb is relatively insignificant because of the sufficient proton uptake properties of PBSCF. In sum, the composite strategy is a more effective way to improve the performance of MIEC cathode than TIEC cathode at typical PCFC operating temperatures

Investigation of Cathode Microstructure for Highly Efficient Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells

Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) are fascinating energy conversion systems at low operating temperatures (400-650 oC) due to their low activation energy for proton conduction. Despite these advantages, the efficient operation of the PCFC is still hindered, primarily due to the large polarization resistance of cathode. In order to overcome these large cathodic polarization resistance issues, the modification of cathode microstructure could be an effective way because the cathode microstructure of PCFC requires both sufficient pathways for oxygen supply and water vapor removal, along with a large electrochemically active area. In this paper, the correlation between the cathode microstructure and the electrochemical performance is investigated under the PCFC operating condition. Interestingly, the modification of cathode microstructure effectively decreases the cathodic polarization resistance from 0.077 to 0.048 ?? cm2 at 650 oC, and the corresponding maximum power density of PCFC is improved from 1.23 to 1.62 W cm- 2. These results indicate that the optimization of cathode microstructure is one of the crucial factors for the efficient operation of PCFC. These our findings could provide a useful guidance for effective development strategies of PCFC cathode material