Aristotle on Knowledge, Nous and the Problems of Necessary Truth

In this paper, I argue that nous for Aristotle concerns necessary truths. (1) Nous is the solution to the dilemma raised in Posterior Analytics I.3. (2) Knowledge and nous have necessary truths as their subject matter, and are identical to this subject matter. (3) This position creates two problems concerning (i) the innateness of knowledge and nous, and (ii) the mind-dependency of necessary truths. (4) The end of DA III.5 reveals an attempt to solve (i) and (ii): The necessary truths of knowledge and nous are for us innate in a certain way, appear to come to be and pass away due to the characteristics of the body in which they are required to inhere, but in separation are not mind-dependent

Frequency response of intracavity laser coupling modulation

A resonant energy coupling between the atomic system and the oscillating optical mode leads to severe output distortion in intracavity laser coupling modulation. This anomalous behavior, which places a lower limit on the modulation frequency, is investigated in a case of a CO2 laser and compared with theoretical predictions

Fechnerian Scaling in R: The Package fechner

Fechnerian scaling is a procedure for constructing a metric on a set of objects (e.g., colors, symbols, X-ray films, or even statistical models) to represent dissimilarities among the objects "from the point of view" of a system (e.g., person, technical device, or even computational algorithm) "perceiving" these objects. This metric, called Fechnerian, is computed from a data matrix of pairwise discrimination probabilities or any other pairwise measure which can be interpreted as the degree with which two objects within the set are discriminated from each other. This paper presents the package fechner for performing Fechnerian scaling of object sets in R. We describe the functions of the package. Fechnerian scaling then is demonstrated on real and artificial data sets accompanying the package.

Fishing for Clarity in a Post-Hubbell World: The Need for a Bright-Line Rule in the Self-Incrimination Clause\u27s Act of Production Doctrine

Americans have always taken particular pride in the right to be free from government intrusion into their homes and, metaphysically speaking, their minds. The authors of the Bill of Rights carved out this protective zone in the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the United States Constitution.\u27 While modern Fourth Amendment protection has most often been interpreted as a privacy-based protection, the Fifth Amendment\u27s Self-Incrimination Clause protects against government compulsion to implicate oneself in the commission of a crime. The development of the Fifth Amendment privilege reflects many of this nation\u27s fundamental values and most noble aspirations. These values and aspirations help protect individual citizens from excessive governmental intrusion and were foremost in the Framers\u27 minds. By the same token, the proper enforcement of our laws is often dependent upon the introduction of incriminating evidence independently secured through skillful investigation. Rule of law is no less important to the preservation of a free society than freedom from government intrusion. The interplay between these competing interests has produced much of the Supreme Court\u27s jurisprudence concerning the privilege against self-incrimination. The Court has routinely held that a suspect\u27s oral testimony, usually in the form of a compelled confession, may not be used as evidence against the suspect. This privilege has not been limited to oral testimony. Most often in the context of white-collar criminal prosecutions, the Supreme Court has held that the act of producing subpoenaed documents that incriminate the producing party may have communicative aspects that warrant Fifth Amendment protection. These white-collar crimes are often buried and corrosive ventures where the prosecutor and the grand jury have little more than a hunch to direct their attention in the first instance. Therefore, the government typically makes liberal use of the subpoena power in connection with a white-collar crime grand jury investigation. The grand jury has at its disposal the power of the subpoena duces tecum, which summons an individual to produce documents before the grand jury

FEGRAMED : an interactive graphics editor for feature structures

Many linguistic formalisms as well as constraint programming languages use feature structures as a basic data structure. During processing, these structures can become quite large (up to thousands of nodes), which poses the problem of focusing on the relevant parts when inspecting them. FEGRAMED provides the user with a customized view of the feature structure, e.g. hiding and ordering features, imploding and exploding parts of the structure, searching for features or atoms, and more. Moreover, FEGRAMED provides a fully interactive editor for developing and maintaining feature structures. Among its editing capabilities are insertion, deletion, copy and paste of structures, features and atoms. Its simple application interface makes adaption easy, so that other systems can directly profit from FEGRAMEDs features. Integrating powerful viewing and manipulation functionality, it is a tool that is built to cope with the complexity of feature structures in constraint-based systems

Picosecond time-resolved pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for N-2 thermometry

This paper was published in Optics Letters and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-23-3755. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Time-resolved measurement of the local equivalence ratio in a gaseous propane injection process using laser-induced gratings

This paper was published in Optics Express and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-26-12994. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Pulmonary Hypertension Related to Left-Sided Cardiac Pathology

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is the end result of a variety of diverse pathologic processes. The chronic elevation in pulmonary artery pressure often leads to right ventricular pressure overload and subsequent right ventricular failure. In patients with left-sided cardiac disease, PH is quite common and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This article will review the literature as it pertains to the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of PH related to aortic valve disease, mitral valve disease, left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Moreover, therapeutic strategies, which focus on treating the underlying cardiac pathology will be discussed

The ethics of police discounts: are gratuities graft?

Discusses the attitudes and policies regarding the acceptance of free or discounted food and beverages and public perception

Reason and Normative Embodiment: On the Philosophical Creation of Disability

This essay attempts to explain the traditional and contemporary philosophical neglect of disability by arguing that the philosophical prioritization of rationality leads to a distinctly philosophical conception of disability as a negative category of non-normative embodiment. I argue that the privilege given to rationality as distinctive of what it means to be both a human subject and a moral agent informs supposedly rational norms of human embodiment. Non-normative types of embodiment in turn can only be understood in contradistinction to these rationalized norms, which are predicated on the elimination of certain features and types of embodiment deemed inimical to reason. To establish this thesis, I focus on Platonic philosophy and the Republic as Platonic conceptions of reason and normative types of embodiment have a historical and conceptual influence on contemporary assumptions concerning rational human nature, medicine, mental health, vice, disease, and impairment