The occurrence of fungi on roots and stem bases of common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown under two levels of chemical protection

Investigations were carried out in 2007-2009 on the plots of the Felin Experimental Station belonging to the University of Life Science in Lublin. The studies comprised two cultivation lines of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.): STH 716 and STH 717, as well as the 'Tonacja' cultivar of common wheat (T. aestivum ssp. vulgare L.). Two levels of chemical protection were applied in the cultivation: minimal and complex protection. Infection of wheat roots and stem bases was recorded in each growing season at hard dough stage (87 in Tottman's scale, 1987). After three years of study, the mean disease indexes for the analyzed wheat genotypes in the experimental treatment with minimal protection were 31.13, 30.43 and 38.83 for, respectively, the 'Tonacja' cultivar and the cultivation lines of T. durum STH 716 and STH 717. In the experimental combination with complex protection, after three years of study the disease indexes ranged from 25.26 (T. durum STH 716) to 30.83 (T. durum STH 717). The results of mycological analysis of diseased plants showed that Fusarium spp., especially F. culmorum, F. avenaceum as well as Bipolaris sorokiniana and Rhizoctonia solani, caused root rot and necrosis of wheat stem bases. The analyzed chemical protection levels did not significantly influence grain yield of the investigated genotypes of T. aestivum and T. durum

Pathogenicity of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. to selected oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes .

Field experiments with artificial inoculation of soil and grain of 12 oat genotypes with Bipolaris sorokiniana isolate No. 36 were carried out in years 2000-2002 in Zamość region (south-eastern part of Poland). In each year the number of 7-weeks seedlings, number of plants and panicles before harvest and kernels yield from the individual plot were calculated..

Mycoflora of Viola wittrockiana Games seeds

Thirty seed speciments of Viola wittrockiana harvested in the years 1985-1987 were investigated. As a result of mycological analysis, 1808 fungi isolates belonging to 19 species were obtained. Most frequently isolated species was Alternaria alternata whose isolates made 26 % of isolations of all the fungi. Among the fungi isolated particularly from undisinfected seeds the species from the Penicillium kind were dominant. Pathogenic fungi like Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium culmorum were also isolated from the investigated seeds

Mycoflora of Cyclamen persicum Mill. Seeds and pathogenicity of Phoma exigua Dssm. for this plant

The investigation showed that Phoma exigua colonizes seed tissues. This fungus inhibits and delays seed germination and causes necrosis of roots, stems and leaves of Cyclamen persicum seedlings

The occurrence of Fusarium spp. on winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and susceptibility of different genotypes to infection with F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc.

Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2001–2005 na 10 polach uprawnych żyta ozimego w województwie lubelskim. W każdym sezonie wegetacji po przezimowaniu oceniano udział roślin z objawami nekrozy korzeni i pochew liściowych. Odsetek takich roślin wynosił od 3,5 w 2002 do 45 w 2004 roku. Natomiast wartości wskaźników chorobowych wynosiły od 0,7 w 2002 do 22,0 w 2001 roku i różniły się istotnie. Głównym patogenem żyta okazał się F. avenaceum (33,5% wszystkich Fusarium ssp.). W znacznych ilościach wyosabniano także F. culmorum (18,8%) oraz F. poae (8,7%). Badania fitotronowe dotyczące podatności siewek 10 odmian żyta na porażenie przez F. avenaceum nr 24 i F. culmorum nr 33 wykazały, że najbardziej podatne na te patogeny były odmiany Kier oraz Dańkowskie Złote, dla których wartości wskaźników chorobowych wynosiły odpowiednio 58,0 i 64,25 w przypadku infekcji podłoża przez F. avenaceum oraz 88,25 dla odmiany Kier i 70,5 w przypadku odmiany Dańkowskie Złote w kombinacji doświadczenia z F. culmorum. Najmniej podatną na porażenie siewek przez F. avenaceum i F. culmorum okazała się odmiana Gradan F1, dla której wskaźniki chorobowe wynosiły odpowiednio 25,5 i 41,25.The investigations were carried out in 2001–2005 at 10 winter rye cultivation plots in the Lublin Province. The participation of plants with root and leaf sheaths necrosis was evaluated after winter in each vegetation season. The percentage of diseased plants ranged from 3.5 in 2002, to 45.0 in 2004. Mean values of the disease index ranged from 0.7 in 2002 to 22.0 in 2001 and differed significantly. The main pathogen of rye plants turned out to be the species F. avenaceum (33.5% of all Fusarium spp.). Considerable amounts of F. culmorum (18,8%) and F. poae (8.7%) were also detected. Investigation carried out in growth chamber on susceptibility of seedlings of 10 rye cultivars to infection with strains F. avenaceum 24 and F. culmorum 33 showed that the most susceptible genotypes to both these pathogens were cv. Kier and Dańkowskie Złote, for which values of the disease index amounted 58.0 and 64.25, respectively in the case of ground inoculation with F. avenaceum and 88.25 for cv. Kier and 70,5 for cv. Dańkowskie Złote in the experimental combination with F. culmorum. The least susceptible for seedlings infection with F. avenaceum and F. culmorum was cv. Gradan F1, for which values of the disease index amounted 25.5 and 41.25, respectively.

Incidence of oat scab in 2013 and pathogenicity of Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. to selected cultivars

W 2013 roku na polach Hodowli Roślin Strzelce, Sp. z o.o., grupa IHAR określono udział wiech z objawami fuzariozy dla 12 odmian owsa. W laboratorium przeprowadzono analizę mykologiczną ziarniaków i plew pochodzących z wiech z objawami chorobowymi z wykorzystaniem pożywki mineralnej. Procent wiech z objawami fuzariozy wahał się od 0,25% do 2,0%. Za główną przyczynę fuzariozy wiech owsa uznano gatunki Fusarium culmorum i F. poae. Ponadto z porażonych ziarniaków uzyskiwano gatunki F. sporotrichioides i F. oxysporum. Badania szkodliwości F. sporotrichioides dla owsa przeprowadzono w 2013 roku na polach doświadczalnych w okolicach Zamościa, na podstawie ścisłego doświadczenia polowego ze sztucznym zakażaniem wiech w fazie kwitnienia. Materiał infekcyjny stanowiła zawiesina zarodników F. sporotrichioides nr 88 o zagęszczeniu 5 × 105 × 1 ml-1. Szkodliwość F. sporotrichioides dla analizowanych odmian owsa określano na podstawie ubytku liczby ziarniaków w wiesze, plonu ziarna z 40 wiech (4×10 wiech) oraz masy 1000 ziaren. Ubytek liczby ziarniaków w wiesze, w wyniku sztucznego zakażania przez F. sporotrichioides wynosił od 0,5% (Arden) do 75,1% (Contender). W przypadku odmiany Arden nie zanotowano ubytku plonu ziarna w wyniku inokulacji wiech przez F. sporotrichioides, zaś u pozostałych odmian redukcja plonu ziarna wynosiła od 24,0% (Komfort) do 79,5% (Contender). Natomiast obniżka MTZ wynosiła od 0,1% (Arden) do 22,6% (Flämingsgold).The incidence of panicles with scab symptoms was assessed in 12 oat cultivars in the fields of Strzelce Plant Breeding Company IHAR group in 2013. The mycological analysis of grain and chaff separated from panicles with disease symptoms was made in the laboratory using a mineral medium. The percentage of panicles with scab symptoms ranged from 0.25% to 2.0%. The species Fusarium culmorum and F. poae were the main causal agents of Fusarium oat scab. Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. oxysporum were also isolated from infected kernels. A study of pathogenicity of F. sporotrichioides to oat was carried out in the experimental plots in Zamość region (southeastern Poland). Oat panicles were inoculated during flowering. The infectious material was a suspension of conidia of F. sporotrichioides no. 88 with a density of 5 × 105 spores per 1 ml. The pathogenicity of F. sporotrichioides to analyzed oat genotypes was determined on the basis of the reduction in the number of kernels per panicle, kernels yield from 40 panicles (4 × 10 panicles) and 1000 kernels weight. The reduction in the number of kernels in panicle as a result of inoculation of panicles with F. sporotrichioides ranged from 0.5% (Arden) to 75.1% (Contender). In the case of cv. Arden the reduction in kernels yield was not detected and in the case of other cultivars it ranged from 24.0% (Komfort) to 79.5% (Contender). The reduction in 1000 kernels weight ranged from 0.1% (Arden) to 22.6% (Flämingsgold)

The effect of artificial inoculation of oat with Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. on the yield and mycotoxin content in the grain

Szkodliwość szczepu F. equiseti nr 20 wobec 15 genotypów owsa określono na podstawie ścisłego doświadczenia polowego ze sztucznym zakażaniem wiech. Badania przeprowadzono w 2014 roku, na polu doświadczalnym w południowo-wschodniej Polsce. Materiał infekcyjny stanowiła zawiesina konidiów F. equiseti. Średnia obniżka liczby ziarniaków w wiesze, w porównaniu do kontroli wynosiła 45,7% (od 15,8 do 66,7%), natomiast redukcja plonu ziarna wynosiła 47,7% (od 20,3 do 69,3%). Obniżka masy 1000 ziaren u badanych genotypów owsa wahała się od 0,5% do 22,8%, średnio 7,3%. W próbach ziarna wszystkich genotypów owsa stwierdzono obecność związków trichotecenowych z grupy A: T-2 toksyny od 0,001 do 0,044 mg·kg-1, HT- 2 toksyny od 0,001 do 0,081 mg·kg-1, scirpentriolu (STO) od 0,002 do 0,056 mg·kg-1,T-2 tetraolu od 0,001 do 0,152 mg·kg-1. Obecność diacetoksyscirpenolu (DAS) i T-2 triolu, stwierdzono u 14 analizowanych genotypów owsa. Stężenie tych metabolitów wynosiło odpowiednio od 0,001 do 0,005 mg·kg-1 i od 0,001 do 0,008 mg·kg-1. Ponadto w próbach ziarna wszystkich genotypów owsa, pochodzących z wiech inokulowanych F. equiseti oznaczono 3-Ac DON (0,023–0,026 mg·kg-1), w przypadku 14 genotypów stwierdzono obecność DON (0,016–0,233 mg·kg-1), zaś NIV był obecny w próbach 13 genotypów owsa, w stężeniu od 0,022 do 0,218 mg·kg-1.The field experiment with artificial infection of panicles of 15 oat genotypes was performed in 2014, in southeastern Poland. Panicles were inoculated with conidial suspension of Fusarium equiseti no. 20. The mean reduction in the number of kernels per panicle was 45.7% (from 15.8 to 66.7%), in kernel yield — 47.7% (from 20.3 to 69.3%), and 1000 kernel weight — 7.3% (from 0.5 to 22.8%). Trichothecenes of group A and B were detected in oat kernels. The concentration of T-2 toxin ranged from 0.001 to 0.044 mg·kg-1, HT- 2 toxin from 0.001 to 0.081 mg·kg-1, scirpentriol (STO) from 0.002 to 0.056 mg·kg-1, T-2 tetraol from 0.001 to 0.152 mg·kg-1. In kernels of 14 oat genotypes diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and T-2 triol were found and concentration of these metabolites ranged from 0.001 to 0.005 mg·kg-1 and from 0.001 to 0.008 mg·kg-1, respectively. Additionally in the infected kernels the following trichothecenes of group B were detected: DON (0.000-0.233 mg·kg-1), 3-Ac - DON (0.023-0.026mg·kg-1), and NIV (0.000-0.218 mg·kg-1)

The occurrence of fungi on roots and stem bases of Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L. Thell. grown under two levels of chemical protection and harmfulness of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe to seedlings of selected genotypes

Investigations were carried out in 2007–2009 on the plots of the Felin Experimental Station belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland. The studies comprised two breeding lines of spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L. Thell.) – STH 3 and STH 715. Two levels of chemical protection were applied in the cultivation with minimal and complex protection. Infection of winter spelt wheat roots and stem bases was recorded in each growing season at hard dough stage (87 in Zadok’s scale). After 3 years of the study, the mean values of disease indexes for the analyzed spelt wheat lines in the experimental treatment with minimal protection were 28.53 and 40.30 respectively for STH 3 and STH 715. In the experimental combination with complex protection, after 3 years of the study the mean values of disease indexes ranged from 25.96 (STH 3) to 26.90 (STH 715). The mycological analysis showed that Fusarium spp., especially F. culmorum, caused root rot and necrosis of stem bases of spelt wheat in the experimental combination with minimal and complex protection. Moreover, Fusarium avenaceum and Bipolaris sorokiniana caused root rot and necrosis of stem bases of spelt wheat. Investigation carried out in a growth chamber on susceptibility of seedlings of three lines of spelt wheat (LO 2/09/n/2, LO 5/09/13/3, LO 5/09/5/4) to infection with Fusarium graminearum No. 8 and F. graminearum No. 45 showed that the genotypes did not differ in their susceptibility. All of them were susceptible, as indicated by high values of the disease indexes. No interaction was found between genotypes and strains of the fungus. This indicates the differential pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum species