Role of fibreoptic bronchoscopy in haemoptysis: an analysis of 157 patients

Background: Objectives of this study were to define the role of fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in determining the etiology of haemoptysis, to determine whether bronchoscopy is useful in haemoptysis with normal chest x-ray, to determine whether early bronchoscopy is better than delayed bronchoscopy.Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 157 patients who presented with hemoptysis to the Department of Tuberculosis and Chest diseases. All these patients underwent FOB after taking proper history and examination and ruling out any contraindication to the procedure.Results: In patients with haemoptysis with normal CXR, a diagnosis was established in 54.5% by FOB while 38.6% had a normal bronchoscopy. An endoscopic diagnosis of bronchitis was made in 22.7% patients. In only 9.1% patients an endobronchial mass was seen on bronchoscopy, and all of them were more than 40 years of age. Active bleeding/bleeding site was localized in 18.1% patients. In patients with abnormal chest roentgenogram who underwent FOB, a definitive diagnosis was established in 75.4% cases with active bleeding/ bleeding site localized in 59.6%. Thirty five percent were having an endobronchial mass. Of all the patients who underwent FOB for recurrent haemoptysis, active bleeding/bleeding site was localized in 48.4% patients. Bleeding site was localized in 62.9% patients who underwent early FOB, while the yield was lower (29.4%) in patients who underwent delayed FOB.Conclusions: Fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) is an important and useful investigation in patients of haemoptysis in determining the bleeding site and etiology of haemoptysis. Early FOB has higher yield in localizing the bleeding site than delayed FOB.

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Dopamine Signaling in C. elegans

The main goal of this dissertation has been to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie dopamine signaling. To this end, we used genetic, behavioral and molecular approaches available in C. elegans , a free-living soil nematode with a simple nervous system comprised of just 302 neurons. Out of these 302 neurons, there are only eight neurons that synthesize and release neurotransmitter dopamine. These features, in combination with an abundance of dopamine-dependent behavioral assays and amenability to forward and reverse genetic approaches, makes C. elegans an ideal model organism to dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate dopamine signaling. In C. elegans , dopamine is released from dopaminergic neurons in response to mechanical stimuli and it binds to G protein-coupled D1- (DOP-1) and D2-like (DOP-3) dopamine receptors to regulate locomotion behavior. This regulation occurs in C. elegans cholinergic and GABAergic ventral cord motor neurons that control locomotion by innervating body wall muscles. To identify novel signaling components that underlie dopamine signaling, we performed a large-scale RNAi (RNA interference) screen in C. elegans . This screen identified eat-16 and rsbp-1 , C. elegans ,homologs of mammalian R7 family RGS (r egulator of G protein s ignaling) protein and R7BP (R7 RGS b inding p rotein), respectively. Since RGS proteins and their binding partners regulate G protein signaling, we characterized the roles of EAT-16 and RSBP-1 in the regulation of G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling in C. elegans. To this end, we used a combination of mutant analyses and cell-specific transgenic rescue experiments to investigate the functional interaction between EAT-16 and RSBP-1 within single cell types and to examine their role in the modulation of dopamine receptor signaling. We found that EAT-16 and RSBP-1 function together to specifically regulate DOP-1 and not DOP-3 receptor signaling by acting in cholinergic motor neurons. All together, my PhD work has shed light on the importance of RGS proteins and their binding partners in the regulation of dopamine receptor signaling and demonstrated that genetic and molecular approaches in C. elegans can be used to understand the mechanisms that underlie dopamine signaling

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Dopamine Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans

The main goal of this dissertation has been to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie dopamine signaling. To this end, we used genetic, behavioral and molecular approaches available in C. elegans, a free-living soil nematode with a simple nervous system comprised of just 302 neurons. Out of these 302 neurons, there are only eight neurons that synthesize and release neurotransmitter dopamine. These features, in combination with an abundance of dopamine-dependent behavioral assays and amenability to forward and reverse genetic approaches, makes C. elegans an ideal model organism to dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate dopamine signaling. In C. elegans, dopamine is released from dopaminergic neurons in response to mechanical stimuli and it binds to G protein-coupled D1- (DOP-1) and D2-like (DOP-3) dopamine receptors to regulate locomotion behavior. This regulation occurs in C. elegans cholinergic and GABAergic ventral cord motor neurons that control locomotion by innervating body wall muscles. To identify novel signaling components that underlie dopamine signaling, we performed a large-scale RNAi (RNA interference) screen in C. elegans . This screen identified eat-16 and rsbp-1 , C. elegans ,homologs of mammalian R7 family RGS (regulator of G protein signaling) protein and R7BP (R7 RGS binding protein), respectively. Since RGS proteins and their binding partners regulate G protein signaling, we characterized the roles of EAT-16 and RSBP-1 in the regulation of G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling in C. elegans. To this end, we used a combination of mutant analyses and cell-specific transgenic rescue experiments to investigate the functional interaction between EAT-16 and RSBP-1 within single cell types and to examine their role in the modulation of dopamine receptor signaling. We found that EAT-16 and RSBP-1 function together to specifically regulate DOP-1 and not DOP-3 receptor signaling by acting in cholinergic motor neurons. All together, my PhD work has shed light on the importance of RGS proteins and their binding partners in the regulation of dopamine receptor signaling and demonstrated that genetic and molecular approaches in C. elegans can be used to understand the mechanisms that underlie dopamine signaling

Impact of textile dyes on public health and the environment Advances in human services and public health book series./ [edited by] Khursheed Ahmad Wani, Nirmala Kumari Jangid, Ajmal Rashid Bhat.

Includes bibliographical references and index."This book examines public health and environmental issues in the textile dyeing industry"--Chapter 1. World of the dye -- Chapter 2. Classification, chemistry, and applications of chemical substances that are harmful to the environment: classification of dyes -- Chapter 3. Toxicology of dyes -- Chapter 4. Impact assessment of textile industries of rajasthan using geo-spatial techniques -- Chapter 5. Effect of dyes on water chemistry, soil quality, and biological properties of water -- Chapter 6. Dyeing processing technology: waste effluent generated from dyeing and textile industries and its impact on sustainable environment -- Chapter 7. Impact of synthetic dyes on human health and environment -- Chapter 8. Impact of textile dyes on human health and environment -- Chapter 9. Chemical and biological treatment of dyes -- Chapter 10. Advanced oxidation processes for dye removal from wastewater -- Chapter 11. Removal of dyes from wastewater by adsorption onto low-cost adsorbents -- Chapter 12. Outdoor pollution management by nanotechnology.1 online resource

Climate change and its impact on fertility Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series./ [edited by] Khursheed Ahmad Wani, Nibedita Naha.

"Premier Reference Source" -- Cover.Includes bibliographical references and index."This book studies climate change as the planet's biggest threat affecting fertility of mammals across the globe through its potential effects on heat stress, food and water security, extreme weather events, vulnerable shelter and population migration. It highlights the important and timely issues and concerns to address the latest impact of climate change, and mitigation strategies for enhancing early embryo survival and uterine potential"--Chapter 1. Climate change and its impact on soil fertility and life forms -- Chapter 2. Environmental and occupational factors on implantation failure -- Chapter 3. Textile industry and health hazards: impact of climate change issues and fertility potential -- Chapter 4. Chronodisruption and loss of female reproductive potential due to shift work -- Chapter 5. Impact of heat stress on embryonic implantation -- Chapter 6. Impact of heat stress and nutritional stress on early embryo development -- Chapter 7. Thermotolerance for physiological and endocrine regulation of embryo-uterine development -- Chapter 8. Neuroendocrine cross-talk and axial regulation of embryonic implantation: impact of climate change -- Chapter 9. The effect of temperature on sperm motility and viability -- Chapter 10. Effects on fertility and reproductive behavior from environmental contaminants in extreme environments -- Chapter 11. Impact of climate change on animal fertility -- Chapter 12. Climate change and livestock fertility -- Chapter 13. Climate change on fertility and reproductive processes of female livestock -- Chapter 14. Multidimensional impact of climate change on human reproduction and fertility: a medical perspective on changing dynamics.1 online resource (xxii, 416 pages)

Handbook of research on environmental and human health impacts of plastic pollution Advances in environmental engineering and green technologies (AEEGT) book series./ Khursheed Ahmad Wani, Lutfah Ariana, S.M. Zuber editors.

Includes bibliographical references and index.Due to the non-biodegradability of plastic substances, coupled with poor waste management practices, plastic pollution has become a major environmental issue within the past decade. However, the negative effects of plastic pollution are rarely opposed, or the solutions proposed are costly or still damaging to the environment. New strategies must be undertaken to prevent irreparable environmental damage from disposable plastic products while maintaining and maximizing the benefits of plastics in specialized cases, such as medicine and public health.Section 1. Plastic pollution and the environment. Chapter 1. Plastic pollution and its effect on the environment ; Chapter 2. Plastic waste environmental and human health impacts ; Chapter 3. Environmental and health implications of plastic pollution: a Pakistan perspective ; Chapter 4. Review environmental implications of incineration of municipal solid waste and ash disposal ; Chapter 5. Plastic pollution and the ecological impact on the aquatic ecosystem ; Chapter 6. Marine plastic debris: distribution, abundance, and impact on our seafood ; Chapter 7. Detrimental impact of plastic outcome on agriculture: biggest threat to environment ; Chapter 8. Plastic pollution and its remedies: an Indian scenario ; Chapter 9. Plastic pollution and its impact on aquatic fauna ; Chapter 10. Analyses of the recycling potential of medical plastic wastes ; Chapter 11. Alternatives for treatment and disposal cost reduction of regulated medical waste -- Section 2. Plastics and human health. Chapter 12. Association between urinary Bisphenol A concentration and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents: Bisphenol A and its effects on humans ; Chapter 13. Historical perspective of Bisphenol A and phthalates in the environment and their health effects ; Chapter 14. Bisphenol A and phthalates exhibit similar toxicogenomics and health effects ; Chapter 15. Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans ; Chapter 16. Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans ; Chapter 17. Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproduction outcomes and health endpoints ; Chapter 18. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: an indispensable alternative -- Section 3. Plastic waste management. Chapter 19. Solid waste management and its impact on the environment ; Chapter 20. Challenges and factors in plastics reutilization/recycling: a review ; Chapter 21. Plastic pollution and its management in the age of globalization with special reference to India ; Chapter 22. Biodegradation of plastic: an innovative solution to safe the human health and environment ; Chapter 23. Framework proposition strategy for collection of returned products in reverse logistics environment.1 online resource

Clinical study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Kashmir Valley

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious disease of tropical and semitropical areas of the world. The cold and harsh winter conditions of the Kashmir Valley do not favor the survival and growth of the Leishmania parasite or its vector, the sand fly, and the disease was until now practically unheard of in the Kashmir Valley. Aims: There has been a recent rise in the number of cases of CL in the Kashmir Valley. Against this background, the present study was taken up to describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and management outcomes of CL in the Kashmir Valley, where it represents a new phenomenon. Materials and Methods: Patients with direct smear-confirmed CL were evaluated. For each patient, we noted age, gender, geographical origin, stays in endemic areas, clinical aspects, number, site and size of lesions, treatment, and outcome. All the infected patients were treated with sodium stibogluconate. The dose, route of administration, adverse effects, and the clinical response in each patient was noted down. Results: Eighteen patients, 11 males (61.12%) and 7 females (38.88%) were studied. The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 60 years (mean age 29.8). The majority of our patients (16, 88.9%) belonged to two hilly areas, Uri and Karnah. Duration of the disease ranged from a minimum of 1 month to a maximum of 18 months (mean duration 4.6 months). Lesions in most of our patients (16, 88.9%) were located on the face including the lip and nose. The size of lesions varied from 4 to about 50 mm (average 2-3 cm). Most of our patients (13, 73.3%) had only a single lesion and a few (5, 26.7%) had two or three lesions. The clinical type of lesion in most of our patients (16, 88.9%) was noduloulcerative, only two (11.1%) had nodular (nonulcerative) lesions. Sixteen patients; all with facial lesions were treated with intravenous sodium stibogluconate. A complete response was seen in 14 (87%), without any major adverse effect. Two adult patients with extrafacial lesions were treated with four doses of weekly intralesional injections of sodium stibogluconate. A complete response was seen in both, without any major adverse effect. Conclusion: The emergence of CL in this nonendemic area is of great epidemiological importance. Because no parasite isolation and characterization was carried out, further epidemiological studies and taxonomic differentiation of the species are required

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring in guiding adequate parathyroidectomy

Background: Parathyroidectomy has been traditionally performed through bilateral neck exploration (BNE). However, with the use of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) assay along with preoperative localization studies, focused parathyroidectomy can be performed with good surgical success rate, multiglandular disease can be predicted, and hence recurrence and surgical failure can be prevented. Furthermore, it predicts eucalcemia in the postoperative period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of IOPTH assay in guiding adequate parathyroidectomy in patients of primary hyperparathyroidism. Materials and Methods: Between year 2015 and 2017, 45 patients of primary hyperparathyroidism underwent parathyroidectomy with IOPTH assay employed as an intraoperative tool to guide the surgical procedure. Blood samples were collected: (1) at preincision time, (2) preexcision of gland, (3) 5-min postexcision of gland, and (4) 10-min postexcision of gland. On the basis of the Irvin criterion, an intraoperative PTH drop >50% from the highest either preincision or preexcision level after parathyroid excision was considered a surgical success. Otherwise, BNE was performed and search for other parathyroid glands done. Results: Ten-min postexcision PTH levels dropped >50% in 34 (75.6%) patients. True positive among them were 31 (68.8%), true negative 8 (17.7%), false positive 3 (6.6%), and false negative 3 (6.6%). We performed focused exploration at the outset in 40 (88.9%) patients and bilateral exploration for five patients as guided by preoperative localizing studies. Hence, IOPTH was helpful in guiding further exploration in 8 (17.7%) patients and prevented further exploration in 32 (71.1%) patients and also was able to predict eucalcemia in 97.7% patients at 6 months. Thus, IOPTH was able to obviate or to ask for additional procedure in 88.8% of patients. However, in three (6.6%) patients, IOPTH would guide unnecessary exploration and in equally, that is, three (6.6%) patients may require reoperation for unidentified parathyroids. Conclusion: IOPTH in adjunct with other localizing studies is very helpful for carrying out successful parathyroidectomy in uniglandular disease and predicting postoperative eucalcemia. However, more importantly, its role is valuable in equivocal imaging, in such cases, it prevents unnecessary exploration or helps in adequate parathyroidectomy

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia mimicking multiple cylindromas: a rare case report

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare and idiopathic vascular disorder. It is characterized by red to brown papules and nodules, typically localized on the head and neck, particularly around the ear as singular or multiple lesions. Although ALHE is a benign disease, lesions are often persistent and difficult to eradicate. Young to middle age women are more commonly affected. The histological examination corresponds to a florid vascular proliferation with atypical endothelial cells surrounded by a lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltrate. We describe an elderly male with multiple nodular lesions over the scalp mimicking cylindromas; the histological examination was consistent with ALHE