111 research outputs found
Before the museum : Khanβs Palace in Bakhchisarai in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
Structure and Folding Thermodynamics of MfpA, a Pentapeptide Repeat Protein From mycobacterium Tuberculosis
ΠΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
This article analyses the history of searches for Byzantine city of Cherson (or orsunβ of usβ sources) in relation to Empress Catherine II of ussiaβs undertakings both as a politician and a historian. When the residents abandoned the Byzantine city in the midfifteenth century, its location was forgotten. Russian and Ukrainian book orms remembered orsunβ as the place here Prince Vladimir of Kiev was baptized in the late tenth century, giving little importance to its location. This matter, ho ever, got particular value in relation to ussiaβs military and diplomatic achievements in the northern Black Sea area in the second half of the eighteenth century. Apart from academic interest, the question as of political importance. ussiaβs state ideology used Vladimirβs baptism in Cherson as an argument for its claim for the southern lands. Besides, Catherine viewed Vladimir as her predecessor who completes a similar historical mission of ussiaβs introduction into civilization. Travelers and armchair researchers supplied several variants of localization of the Byzantine city in the Crimean Peninsula and outside. The latter version, which placed Cherson at the lower Dnieper, was initially recognized by the Empress. However, the annexation of the Crimea in 1783 induced the practical search for Cherson in the peninsula. This job has been done by Archbishop Eugenios Boulgaris, Lieutenant Colonel Baldani, and scholar Carl Hablitz, who collected arguments for the location of the ruins in the south-western extremity of the Crimea, near the construction of modern Sevastopol. Ironically, by the end of Catherineβs reign, her empire appeared to include two more cities that inherited the name of the Byzantine fortress. Yet before the annexation of the Crimea, a new city established at the lower Dnieper as named βChersonβ. And, after the second partition of Poland, Catherine received the Cossack city of orsunβ in Cherkassy area.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π° (ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²) Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ II, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ XV Π². ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΡΡΠΎ. Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ XVIII Π². ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π² Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°Ρ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ Π² Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΌΠ° Π² 1783 Π³. Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅. ΠΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΠ²Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ» ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ³ΠΎ-Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΌΠ°, Π±Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π‘Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² Π΅Π΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ: Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΠ½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠ½Ρ Π½Π° Π§Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈ
ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Β«ΠΊΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Β» ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ Π° Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ
This paper addresses the account of Vladimir Monomachβs campaign against the Crimea, which appears to be a source to uncover historical imagination of writers, travellers, and researchers from the sixteenth to nineteenth century rather than to understand Byzantine-Rusβ relations. It has been proved that the said plot is based on the information provided by diplomatist Sigismund von Herberstein (1486β1566), who was interested in the origin of the insignia of the Grand Princes of Moscow. The Austrian supplied a story to belittle prestige of the Grand Princeβs barmy, stating that Vladimir Monomach took this shoulder ornament as trophy when he defeated the leader of Genoese city of Caffa (modern Feodosia). It has been demonstrated that other Western chroniclers borrowed this account and transformed it, sometimes far beyond recognition. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it found the way to works of Eastern European historians who studied the history of Russia and the Crimea to make its contribution to misinterpretation of Cafa as ancient Chersonese and Byzantine Cherson. Travellers have documented a local legend of the grand mosque in Caffa allegedly reconstructed from the church where Prince Vladimir the Saint was baptised in the late tenth century. When the studies in the past of the Crimea started following the reunification of the peninsula with Russia, the result was the discovery of the site of ancient Chersonese. However, the idea of historicity of the Rusβ campaigns against the Crimea in the eleventh century established in the scholarship for long, due to the authority of Vasilii Tatishchev and Vasilii Vasilβevskii. Taking their own understanding of historical processes into account, different historians tried to find out a more or less appropriate chronology of one or two campaigns and to inscribe them into the known context of Byzantine-Rusβ relationsΠ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π° Π½Π° ΠΡΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎ-Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ XVIβXIΠ₯Β Π²Π². ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Π‘ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡΠ½Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π° (1486β1566), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π» ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΆ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±Π°ΡΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π° Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΠΌ Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΡ (Π€Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ). ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π XVIIβXVIIIΒ Π²Π². ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° (Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°, ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ) Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π₯Β Π². ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΌΠ° ΠΊ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² 1783Β Π³. ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΡΡΠΌ Π² XIΒ Π²., Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π.Β Π.Β Π’Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΈ Π.Β Π.Β ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎ-Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Π Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π² VIIIβXI Π²Π².
This paper analyses the role played by the urban commune of Byzantine Cherson, its individual representatives, and traditional bodies of power in the administration of this city in ca. 700β1100 against the background of recently published sources and scholarship. The representatives of this commune participated in the administration through the institutions of magistracies with anachronistic titles and as individuals who became Byzantine officials first in Cherson archontia and later in the theme. The administration of Cherson never was a frozen body, and the role of urban commune changed in course of time. The materials from Cherson uncover that emperor Leo VIβs order from ca. 900 abolishing urban communesβ right to possess administrative offices was not realized or was not a universal law. The observations on the administration of Cherson uncover parallels with other provincial cities and towns in the Byzantine empire.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°, Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π² Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² VIIIβXI Π²Π². Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΡ
Π°ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΡΠ²Π° VI ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ° IXβΠ₯ Π²Π²., ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π΄ Ρ
Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ΄-Π¨Π°ΡΠ»Ρ Π΄Π΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΡΡΠΌΠ°
The article examines the views on the history, archaeology, and historical geography of the Crimean Peninsula of Claude-Charles de Peyssonnel, a famous French diplomat, traveller, and writer of the second half of the eighteenth century. The Russian and Ukrainian scholarships use the treatises by the former consul to research the Crimean Khanate, the peoples of the Northern Caucasus, and even the Zaporozhian Cossacks, while de Peyssonnelβs historical studies are left aside from the analysis. It has been stated that the Frenchmanβs works present one of the first attempts in the Modern Pe- riod to investigate the antiquities of the Crimean Peninsula. De Peyssonnel showed his knowledge of ancient and mediaeval written sources, contemporary cartography and scholarship, as well as the knowledge he got during his diplomatic service at the court of the Crimean Khan. He was particularly interested in the ancient topography of the Crimean Peninsula. Despite his vast knowledge, erudition, and practical wit, the Frenchmanβs reflections may not always be called βacademicβ in the modern sense, for the basic methods and principles of current historical and linguistic research were not yet discovered in his age. Nevertheless, the Frenchman mapped many cities, towns, and settlements, which names he learned from ancient and mediaeval writers. De Peysson- nelβs memoires influenced the next generation of travellers and βarmchairβ researchers, whose works appeared after the annexation of the Crimea by Russia in 1783, particular- ly influential encyclopaedic travelogues published by Matthew Guthrie, Ebenezer Hen- derson, and FrΓ©dΓ©ric Dubois de Montpereux in the first half of the nineteenth century.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, Π°ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ XVIII Π². ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°-Π¨Π°ΡΠ»Ρ Π΄Π΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅Π»Ρ. Π ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
Π°Π½Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°. Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ· Π½Π°Π½Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ·Π½Π°Π» ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Β«ΠΊΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β» Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΡΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ XIX Π²
Π‘ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°: ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ XVIII β XIX Π².
This paper analyses theΒ myths which appeared around some local archaeological and architectonic sites after theΒ Crimeaβs incorporation into Russia inΒ 1783. TheΒ author refers toΒ legends ofΒ theΒ flood developing around theΒ mediaeval βcave townsβ, theΒ remnants ofΒ theΒ temple ofΒ Tauric Diana, theΒ imprints ofΒ StΒ Andrewβs feet, theΒ turbe at theΒ mediaeval town ofΒ Chufut-Kale, and Maria Potocka as aΒ captive ofΒ theΒ Crimean khanβs harem. The author demonstrates theΒ multidirectional intellectual interactions ofΒ various social groups such as local populations, migrants, and learned travellers representing different cultures and countries. It has been shown that theΒ greatest role for theΒ mythologisation ofΒ theΒ sites was played by Russian and foreign travelogues which interpreted particular monuments as tourist attractions and drew their readersβ attention toΒ them. By that moment, theΒ real history ofΒ theΒ sites had already been forgotten. Moreover, educated travellers knew some plots ofΒ classical history which allegedly happened inΒ theΒ peninsula, and therefore tried toΒ βfindβ their traces amidst Crimean landscapes. The travellers also perceived Crimean Tatar legends and transformed them inΒ aΒ new manner. The locals, inΒ their own turn, understood theΒ tales produced by foreign intellectuals as parts ofΒ their own local history. A particular phenomenon comprises theΒ attempts ofΒ theΒ Christian migrants toΒ theΒ Crimea toΒ find βsupportβ among theΒ monuments which they interpreted as very old Christian shrines related toΒ theΒ events known from theΒ books. As aΒ result, there appeared incorrect interpretations ofΒ theΒ sites, which, because ofΒ their romantic and fascinating nature, became imprinted inΒ public mind. This process contributed toΒ theΒ turning ofΒ some cultural heritage sites into tourist attractions and therefore made anΒ impact onΒ theΒ establishment ofΒ theΒ Crimea as aΒ tourist centre.ΠΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Β 1783Β Π³. Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π°ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΒ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΡΡΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΎΒ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Β«ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Β», ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ, ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ². ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΌΠ°Π²Π·ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°Β ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π§ΡΡΡΡ-ΠΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΈΒ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ β ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈΒ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²Β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Β Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΒ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Β Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°Β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΡ
Β«Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΒ» ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Ρ Π²Β ΠΊΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ·Π°ΠΆΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΠΊΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π² ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Β Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π»Π°Π΄. ΠΒ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π΅Π·ΠΆΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π²Β ΠΡΡΠΌ Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π²Β ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Β ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³. ΠΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π²Β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ Π²Β ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π²Β ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΡΡΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°
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