Frequency of Autonomic Neuropathy in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Abstract Objectives: To determine the frequency of diabetic autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Medical Unit-IV, Services Institute ofMedical Sciences, Lahore. A total of 236 cases fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolledfrom Medical OPD Services Institute of Medical Science, Lahore. Informed consent of the patientswas taken to include their data in the study. Detailed history for Diabetes Mellitus was taken. All thepatients were undergoing for evaluation of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Presence/absence ofDAN was recorded. All this information was recorded.Results: In our study, frequency of diabetic autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus wasrecorded in 17.80%(n=42) whereas 82.20%(n=194) had no findings of the morbidity.Conclusion: We conclude that the frequency of diabetic autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetesmellitus is not very high, but it varies according to diagnostic criteria and population, however,some-other studies in different health centers of our country is required

Influence of Sewage Sludge and Heavy Fertilization on Nitrate Leaching in Soils: An Overview

Sewage sludge is now widely used for production of crops throughout the world. Utilizing the sewage sludge for crop production has various advantages such as nutrient recycling, reducing the need for mineral fertilizer, increasing organic matter amount in soils, and improving physical properties of soil. A large amount of sludge is generated during the sewage treatment process, and it is disposed off on land in the form of fertilizer or soil conditioner. In this, heavy metals are usually in greater concentration than in soil, which is one of the main problems which restricts its utilization as a fertilizer. Nitrate leaching and heavy fertilization cause serious problems for the groundwater and this issue of nitrate leaching is usually neglected. Continuous used of swage sludge cause contamination of soil and water and affects plant growth and soil microorganisms. In this chapter, we have focused on i) various factors which affects nitrate leaching in soil, it includes soil texture, rate of fertilization, season and climate, ii) strategies to reduce nitrate leaching and iii) nitrogen conversion mechanism in sewage sludge

The Use of Ear Tissue in the Reconstruction of Eyelids in Patients with Excised Neoplastic Lesions

Purpose: To assess surgical outcomes of lower lid reconstruction surgery using auricular conchal tissue. Methods: This prospective study included 20 patients that underwent reconstructive lower lid surgery using autologous auricle chondral-perichondral graft tissue. Auricle tissue was used to provide adequate support and protection with similar conjunctiva tarsal structures on overlying soft tissues in patients with pathologic inferior lid tissue loss requiring reconstructive surgery. Biopsies with histopathology and cytology analysis were taken after 1 year. Cytology analysis using CK 19 was used to confirm newly formed conjunctiva overlying the graft. Results: All patients showed no graft rejection. Surgical outcomes were generally good, with minimal or no ocular complications. 16 of 20 patients had excellent results, showing good lid symmetry and esthetics, minimal auricular discomfort, patient satisfaction and proper lid function. Surgical outcomes were highly dependent on proper post-op conjunctiva formation. All patients were positive for CK 19, thus indicating proper conjunctiva tissue formation. Conclusion: Lower lid reconstruction surgery using auricular chondral-perichondral conchal tissue is a good alternative in patients with neoplastic lesions. Autologous chondral-perichondral tissue provides good functional and mechanical support in the reconstructed lid, thus reducing the risks of ectropion and corneal exposure and ensuring a protected ocular surface