Sustained Growth and Anti-Corruption Policies in Egypt

The paper draws attention to the Arab Republic of Egypt’s efforts to confront both administrative and financial corruption as it demonstrates an obstacle to developmental policies. On World Anti-Corruption Day, this was initiated in 2014, when Egypt launched its first national anti-corruption strategy. This strategy was characterized by being in two phases. The first phase was from 2014-2019 and the second phase was from 2019-2022. The research problem centers around the global doubts about the Egyptian role and efforts in combating corruption, thus the research paper aims to measure the extent of administrative corruption before and during the two phases and display the Egyptian role in that matter. The methodology of the research paper is the descriptive-analytical approach, where it analyzes the numbers and ratios related to anti-corruption policies during the two phases. Also, the role of the National Anti-Corruption Academy will be observed by examining the practical cases and assessing its effectiveness and whether it is influential or not. The paper concludes that progress has been made with regard to Egyptian efforts to combat corruption, however, better cooperation and coordination between all concerned bodies and institutions is a must to ensure the sustainability of such improvement

Women Representation in the Egyptian Parliament: Representation or Misrepresentation?

Egyptian women who played a pivotal role in both, January 25th and June 30th revolutions were rewarded by achieving the highest female representation in Egypt’s parliamentary history in the last 2015 elections (89-14.9%). This paper accesses women's representation/mis-representation in light of this increase in numbers .Results show that the implementation of a one-time quota, that not only seeks to include women but several unprotected sectors of the society, guaranteed positive outcomes but warns from a decline if not implemented for at least one more time ensuring the continuance of women empowerment. Keywords:-Women Representation – Egyptian 2015 parliamentary elections – Empowerment – Quota

Effect of Aqueous Solution Molarity on Structural and Optical Properties of Ni0.92Co0.08O Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Method

In this study, Ni0.92Co0.08O thin films with different molarities (0.05M, 0.1 M, 0.15M and 0.2 M) have been successfully deposited on glass substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique at substrate temperature of (400 oC) and thickness of about 300 nm. The structural and optical properties of these films have been studied using XRD, AFM, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The XRD results showed that all films are polycrystalline in nature with cubic structure and preferred orientation along (111) plane. The crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer formula and it is found that the 0.2M has maximum crystallite size (49.51nm). AFM results showed homogenous and smooth thin films. The absorbance and transmittance spectra have been recorded in the wavelength range of (300-900) nm in order to study the optical properties. The optical energy gap for allowed direct electronic transition was calculated using Tauc equation and First derivative of absorbance with respect to energy of photon. It is found that the band gap decreases when the molarity increases and the band gap values ranges between 3.60 eV and 3.54 eV for the prepared thin films. The Urbach energy increases as the molarity increases and the Urbach energy values range between 439 meV and 680 meV. The optical constants including (absorption coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant) were also calculated as a function of photon energy. Refractive index and extinction coefficient for the prepared thin films were estimated as a function of wavelength