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Effect of nanomaterial properties on thermal conductivity of heat transfer fluids and nanomaterial suspension
This paper was presented at the 4th Micro and Nano Flows Conference (MNF2014), which was held at University College, London, UK. The conference was organised by Brunel University and supported by the Italian Union of Thermofluiddynamics, IPEM, the Process Intensification Network, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Heat Transfer Society, HEXAG - the Heat Exchange Action Group, and the Energy Institute, ASME Press, LCN London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL University College London, UCL Engineering, the International NanoScience Community, www.nanopaprika.eu.Energy has been rated as the single most important issue facing humanity in the current as well as
next 50 years. Securing clean energy has become the top priority of most developed countries. Considering
the rapid increase in energy demand worldwide, intensifying the heat transfer process and reducing energy
loss due to ineffective use have become an increasingly important task. Fundamentally, energy conversion
and transportation occur at atomic or molecular levels, Nanoscience and nanotechnology are expected to play
a significant role in revitalizing the traditional energy industries and stimulating the emerging renewable
energy industries. Nanofluid is a modern engineering heat transfer fluid with superior potential for enhancing the heat transfer performance of conventional fluids such as water, ethylene glycol and oils. It is consisting of solid nanoparticles with sizes typically of 1–100 nm suspended in base fluids. Many attempts have been made to investigate its important thermal properties, i.e. thermal conductivity; however, no definitive agreements and
idea have emerged about this property. This article reports the effect of different nanomaterial on the thermal
conductivity enhancement of nanofluids experimentally. TiO2, Fe3O4 and Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in
water and ethylene glycol with volume concentration of 1 – 7.5 vol. % is used in the present study. A
transient hot-wire apparatus (KD2 pro) is used for measuring the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. The
results show that all the heat transfer fluids show an increase in thermal conductivity with the addition of
nanoparticles in it. The measured thermal conductivity of nanofluids increased as the particle concentrations
increased and are higher than the values of the base liquids. This confirms the effect of volume concentration
of nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity enhancement
India Hypertension Control Initiative—Hypertension treatment and blood pressure control in a cohort in 24 sentinel site clinics
Abstract The India Hypertension Control Initiative (IHCI) is a multi‐partner initiative, implementing and scaling up a public health hypertension control program across India. A cohort of 21,895 adult hypertension patients in 24 IHCI sentinel site facilities in four Indian states (Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Telangana), registered from January 2018 until June 2019 were assessed at baseline and then followed up for blood pressure (BP) control and antihypertensive medication use. Among all registrations, 11 274 (51%) of the patients returned for a follow‐up visit between July 2019 and September 2019. Among patients returning for follow‐up, 26.3% had BP controlled at registration, and 59.8% had BP controlled at follow‐up (p < .001). The absolute improvement in BP control was more than two times greater in primary care (48.1 percentage point increase) than secondary care facilities (22.9 percentage point increase). Most IHCI patients received prescriptions according to state‐specific treatment protocols. This study demonstrates that a scalable public health hypertension control program can yield substantial BP control improvements, especially in primary care settings. However, high loss to follow‐up limits population health impact; future efforts should focus on improving systems to increase the likelihood that patients will return to the clinic for routine hypertension care