Retinal vasculature develops normally in PSMA null mice.

<p>Retinas from wild-type (<b>left</b>) and PSMA-null (<b>right</b>) mice (5X) raised in room air, harvested at P17 and perfused with FITC labeled <i>ricin communis</i> agglutinin 1 (RCA-1-FITC, green). Insets: higher (40X) magnification of the same retina and show normal radial branching pattern in animals of both genotypes. (Representative image, n = 3 per group).</p

Perfusion of retinal vessels in PSMA null animals is increased.

<p>Following OIR, mice were perfused with RCA-1-FITC to detect perfused vessels immediately prior to sacrifice and harvest. Isolated retinas were then stained with Alexa 594 labeled <i>Griffonia simplicifolia</i> 1 isolectin B4 (GS Isolectin B4-A594) to stain all endothelial cells. <b>A</b>) RCA-1-FITC staining (<b>left, green</b>), GS Isolectin B4-A594 staining (<b>center, red</b>) and merged image (<b>right</b>) of representative wild type (<b>top</b>) and PSMA null (<b>bottom</b>) retinas. <b>B</b>) The double stained areas in the merged images (perfused vessels + endothelial cells) were pseudo-colored white to illustrate the area of non-perfused, GS Isolectin B4-A594 only staining endothelial cells (5X). <b>C</b>) Quantitative analysis of the relative extent of non-perfused endothelial cells per retina. (Representative image, n = 5 per group).</p

Vascular pathology is decreased in PSMA null animals undergoing OIR.

<p><b>A</b>) Retinas were harvested from OIR mice at P12 (<b>left</b>), P15 (<b>center</b>) and P17 (<b>right</b>). Vasculature was stained using RCA-1-FITC (green, P12) or GS Isolectin B4-A594 (red, P15 and P17) and <b>B</b>) the central avascular area of each retina was measured using Image J. (n = 3 per group).</p

Angiogenic growth factor production is normal in response to hypoxia in PSMA null mice.

<p>PSMA expression was measured by qRT-PCR from RNA isolated from wild type and PSMA null retinas daily, beginning at the initiation of tissue hypoxia (P12 through P17). <b>A</b>) Wild type and PSMA mice produce similar VEGF expression levels during hypoxia treatment. <b>B</b>) PSMA null mice show similar Ang-2 levels to wild type mice over time. (n = 3 per time point).</p

Inhibition of PSMA decreases pathologic angiogenesis in a mouse model of OIR.

<p><b>A</b>) Wild type mice undergoing OIR were treated systemically with either a single dose of 100mg/kg 2-PMPA on P14 (n = 3, <b>center</b>) or three daily doses from P14 through P16 (n = 6, <b>right</b>), controls received vehicle (PBS, <b>left</b>). Retinas were isolated on P17, vasculature was stained using GS Isolectin B4–A594 and the avascular area calculated using Image J software. <b>B</b>) Mice receiving a single dose on P14 showed a slight but not statistically significant decrease in avascular area, whereas mice treated from P14–16 showed a significant decrease (23%) in avascular area compared to vehicle treated controls (p = 0.0055). <b>C</b>) Wild type mice on the OIR protocol were treated once on P14 with 10mg intravitreal 2-PMPA (10mg/ml, 1mL) in one eye and 1mL Vehicle (PBS) in the contralateral eye. Retinas treated with intravitreal 2-PMPA showed a significant decrease (16.66%) in avascular area compared to control retinas.</p

Retinal vasculature of wild type mice undergoing OIR expresses PSMA.

<p><b>A</b>) A time line depicting the stages of retinal layer vascularization with diagrams of approximate vascular morphology of the retina at various time points. <b>B</b>) Conventional RT-PCR of RNA isolated from wild-type OIR retinas from P17 mice are positive for PSMA; PSMA wild-type kidney and TRAMP-C1 cells- PSMA positive controls, PSMA null retina- negative control. <b>C</b>) qRT-PCR for PSMA over time from retinal RNA isolated at the indicated time points relative to P12 levels. Paraffin embedded OIR retinas were immunostained for PSMA protein using the 3E2 antibody. Staining (red-brown) was observed on vascular tufts (arrows) of wild-type (<b>D</b>) but not PSMA-null (<b>E</b>) retinas. (n = 3 per group), **p,0.05, ***p,0.001.</p

Pathologic angiogenesis is reduced in retinas of PSMA null mice.

<p>Whole-mount retinas from mice undergoing OIR were harvested at P17 and perfused with RCA-1-FITC. Wild type retinas (<b>A</b>) show a higher degree of central avascular area than retinas from PSMA null mice (<b>B</b>). Higher magnification (40x) of <b>BC</b> wild-type and <b>D</b>) PSMA-null capillary networks at the outer edge of the retina: Retinas isolated from wild-type mice <b>C</b>) show disorganized, tortuous vessels and vascular tufts while vessels of PSMA-null retinas <b>D</b>) are less tortuous and more closely resemble normal organization. <b>E</b>) Quantification of avascular area using Image J showed wild-type mice had an average avascular area of 28.7%, compared to 18.4% in the retinas isolated from PSMA null mice, (n = 4 per group, p = 0.004). <b>F</b>) Wild type animals had an average of 8.8 vascular tufts per histologic section, compared to an average of 5.2 tufts per section in PSMA-null (n = 8 per group, p = 0.017).</p