The problem of power in the Christian doctrine

Статья посвящена исследованию истоков и сущности власти в христианском вероучении. Автор анализирует особенности становления и развития первых концепций власти. Рассматриваются основные модели соотношения светской и духовной власти в западной и восточной традициях.The article is devoted to the study of the foundations of power in the Christian doctrine. The author analyzes the development of the first concepts of power. The main models of the correlation between secular and spiritual power in the Western and Eastern traditions are considered

Circumstances of Energy Strategy Draft 2035 Abandonment

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 사회과학대학 정치외교학부(외교학전공), 2021.8. 소피아.This paper is devoted to the study of the reasons for the rejection of the first draft of the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035. The key question of the work is "why the government decided to abandon the document." The Energy Strategy is a document that the government adopts every five years and indicates the main goals, objectives, and problems in the development of the industry. It is one of the key documents based on which the energy policy of Russia is made. The second chapter compares two drafts of the document and concludes that the first draft focuses on Russia's dominance in the global energy market, especially as a leader of hydrocarbon export. While the second draft clearly indicates that the energy complex should remain the leading link in the Russian economy and not be influenced by relations with other countries. Chapter three traces the events that influenced the decision of policymakers to shift the energy policy and abandon the draft. Thus, this research concludes, that since 2014 and up till 2018, the meaning of energy security has changed for Russian policymakers. Not only the economic side began to prevail over security, but also the domestic side became more important than the international. Having looked at the changes in the main positions in the document, it becomes clear how the development strategy of the energy complex has changed: from positioning oneself as a leader in the export of hydrocarbons, to realizing the need for greater independence from external supplies and further development of regional infrastructure.본 논문은 2035년까지 러시아 에너지 전략의 첫 번째 드래프트가 거부된 이유를 연구한다. 핵심 질문은 정부가 이 문서의 첫 드래프트를 포기하기로 한 이유에 대한 것이다. 에너지 전략이라는 문서에는 정부가 5년마다 채택하는 문서로 에너지 발전의 주요 목표 및 문제를 나타낸다. 러시아의 에너지 정책이 만들어지는 핵심 문서 중 하나라고 보면 된다. 2장에서는 문서의 드래프트 두 가지를 비교한다. 첫 번째 드래프트는 특히 탄화수소 수출의 선두 주자로서 세계 에너지 시장에서 러시아의 지배에 초점을 맞추고 있다고 판단한다. 두 번째 드래프트는 에너지 자원이 러시아 경제의 주요 연결 고리의 역할로 남아 있으며 다른 국가와의 관계에 영향을 받지 않아야 한다고 밝힌다. 3장에서는 정책 입안자들이 에너지 정책을 변경하고 드래프트를 포기하는 결정에 영향을 미친 사건을 설명한다. 따라서 이 연구는 2014년부터 2018년까지 러시아 정책 입안자들에게 에너지 안보의 의미가 바뀌었다고 결론을 내린다. 안보적인 측면보다는 경제적인 측면, 국제적 측면보다는 국내적 측면이 더 중요해졌다고 볼 수 있다. 즉, 탄화수소 수출에 의존하는 국가에서 외부 공급으로부터의 독립과 지역 발전의 필요성을 깨닫는 것으로 바뀌었다고 주장할 수 있다. 문서의 주요 사항을 살펴보면 에너지의 개발 전략이 어떻게 변경되었는지 볼 수 있다.Chapter 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Background 6 1.2 Research Question 9 1.3 Literature Review 12 1.4 Research Analysis 16 1.5 Paper Structure 19 Chapter 2. Energy Policy Transformation 22 2.1 Energy Strategy: History of The Document 22 2.2 Shifting of Strategic Goals and Priorities In Energy Sector 27 2.3 Transformation of Energy Industries 31 2.3.1 Oil Industry 31 2.3.2 Gas Industry 32 2.3.3 Oil Industry 33 2.3.4 Coal Industry 35 2.4 Observations and Conclusions 36 Chapter 3. Reasons For The Policy Transformation And The Draft Abandonment 41 3.1 Years 2014 - 2015: Awakening and Postponement of the First Draft 51 3.2 Years 2016-2017: Contemplation and Adjustment to the Changes 63 3.3 Years 2018-2019: Final Abandonment and Policy Shifting 69 Chapter 4. Conclusion 74 Bibliography 78 Appendix 90 Table 1. Comparison Table of Four Energy Strategies 90 Table 2. Comparison Table of the Two ES-2035 96석

Models of Relations between the State and the Church in the Political History of Russia

Статья посвящена исследованию государственно-церковных отношений от периода принятия христианства и до начала ХХI века. Автор анализирует особенности формирования трех моделей взаимоотношения государства и церкви на основе идеологии, политического строя и подходов к вероисповедной политике.This article is devoted to the study of state-church relations from the period of the adoption of Christianity to the beginning of the XXI century. The author analyzes the peculiarities of the formation of three models of relations between the state and the church on the basis of ideology, political structure and approaches to religious politics

PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF PHYSICAL MODIFICATION STARCH IN FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY WITH COLLOID STRUCTURE

The aim of research is studying the rheological properties of gelatinized starch dispersions based on physical modification starches, depending on technological factors. Realization of the research aim will allow to obtain products (sauces, filler creams for confectionery products, etc.) using physical modification starches that are capable of selling products with specified structural and mechanical indicators, quality and safety indicators. And also ensure the rational use of raw materials, reduce the complexity of the technological process of production of culinary products. The current trends in the development of starch technology for physical modification and their use in food technology are analyzed. A review of literature data has become the background for the use of these starches in food technology, which primarily draws attention to the colloidal stability of food systems. A decrease in viscosity (the tendency ηmax=>ηmin) indicates the destruction degree of structural elements under the influence of mechanical stress and thermolysis. Tapioca starches “Endura”, “Indulge” and waxy maize starch “Prima” have practically the same values η (min) and η (max), which indicates the stability of the structure of gelatinized starch dispersions. This is probably due to the fact that grains with a monodisperse fraction (≈83 %) swell and gelatinize equivalently. A study of the effect of acids on the formation and stability of gelatinized starch dispersions shows that the most pronounced stability is characterized by dispersions based on Prima waxy starch and Endura tapioca. The gelatinized starch dispersions based on corn starch amylopectin exhibit low stability during the maximum peak gelatinization depending on the effect of sugar and acid. A thermodynamic study of physical modification starches wi carried out, which confirms the amount of energy expended on unpacking the starch grain, which confirms the initial gelatinization of starches

Information society: socio-political aspect of the consequences of the global coronacrisis

Актуальность социально-политического аспекта последствий глобального коронакризиса в информационном обществе связана с трансформациями, происходящими в эпоху гибридных войн, динамично изменяющими общественное бытие и аксиологическую экзистенцию современной личности. В период пандемии COVID-19 в быстроменяющейся гибридной политико-правовой реальности происходят системные изменения, связанные в инфосферой и переформатированием общественного сознания, провоцирующих граждан на ответную и прогнозируемую реакцию деструктивного характера. Акцентируя внимание на социально-политическом аспекте последствий глобальной пандемии, авторы статьи считают возможным рассматривать международные события, происходящие в современной Западной Европе и США, как антидемократические, провоцирующие политический, финансово-экономический, аксиологический хаос. Следовательно, в многополюсном и полицивилизационном мире, в ситуации информационного насилия именно глобальный коронакризис становится фактором, провоцирующим конфликты между различными государствами. И такая деструктивная позиция сопровождается изменением политических ценностей, обесценивающих повседневную деятельность большинства социальных институтов, деструктивно влияющих на функционирование основных подсистем в информационном обществе. В период пандемии COVID-19 наблюдается социально-политическая эклектика и аксиологический хаос, что, в итоге, превращает государственную власть из созидающей силы в свою противоположность. На территории современной Западной Европы происходят структурные изменения социальных институтов и возврат к модели более гуманных общественных отношений в рамках прежней демократической политической системы в информационном обществе становится невозможным.The relevance of the socio-political aspect of the consequences of the global coronacrisis in the information society is related to the transformations taking place in the era of hybrid wars, dynamically changing the social being and axiological existentiality of the modern personality. During the COVID-19 pandemic in the rapidly changing hybrid political-legal reality there are systemic changes related to the infosphere and the reformatting of public consciousness, provoking citizens to respond and predictable response of destructive nature. Focusing on the socio-political aspect of the consequences of the global pandemic, the authors consider it possible to consider the international events taking place in modern Western Europe and the USA as anti-democratic, provoking political, financial, economic, axiological chaos. Consequently, in a multipolar and polycivilizational world, in a situation of information violence, it is the global coronacrisis that becomes a factor provoking conflicts between different states. And such a destructive position is accompanied by a change in political values, devaluing the daily activities of most social institutions, destructively affecting the functioning of basic subsystems in the information society. During the COVID-19 pandemic there is socio-political eclecticism and axiological chaos, which ultimately turns state power from a creative force into its opposite on the territory of modern Western Europe there are structural changes in social institutions and the return to the model of more humane social relations within the framework of the former democratic political system in the information society becomes impossible

Thermal conditions of technological plasma sources cathodes

Were determined thermal conditions of vacuum-arc plasma sources cathodes.Stationary thermal field of the cathode with refrigeration was researched along both later a landend surfaces having different geometry of cathodes and thermal flows onto the operating surfaces.Was detected non uniformity of cathode operational surface temperature distribution along its radius. This non uniformity is greater for the cathode with refrigeration along the side surface and it can be minimized to several degrees range by changing the geometry of the cathode.Weredetermined time periods for cathodes with different refrigeration types reaching stationary thermal regime depending on cathodes’ geometry and arc current

Hall Thruster Erosion

Hall thruster (HT) is one of the thrusters that are systematically applied in space. If to compare HT with plasma ion thrusters, it has lower lifetime and specific impulse. HT has a set of advantages, and that is why interest to this plasma thruster is high. It has relatively simple design and technology of production. HT does not require a complex power supply unit, and it is very important for spacecraft. Propulsion system on the base of HT has lower mass, simpler technology, and less time of production. One of the main HT characteristics that require improvement is the lifetime of thruster. As it is known, one of the main factors that decrease thruster lifetime is the wear of discharge chamber (DCh). With the analysis of demands to HT, it is understandable that the required lifetime is more than 10 years. So the question about lifetime of the HT is still open. This chapter presents the overview of the thruster elements lifetimes and the overview of methods of thruster erosion investigation. It shows advantages and disadvantages of optical methods of DCh erosion rate investigation. Chapter presents modified method of optical investigation. The results of HT research under various modes of operation and results of tests with different ceramic are presented

Theoretical approaches to business strategy forming

Розглядаються основні теоретичні підходи до процесу розробки підприємницької стратегії, визначено їх переваги та недоліки. Систематизовано принципи формування стратегії з позицій формального, маркетингового, ситуаційного та позиційного підходів.The main theoretical approaches in the development of business strategies are considered with defined their advantages and disadvantages. The principles of strategy formation as a formal position, marketing tools, positional and situational approaches have been systematized

Statistical model of seasonal forecasting the completed suicides number in the regions of Ukraine

Suicide prevention efforts require conscious coordination and close collaboration between health agencies. They should be based on an understanding of the true picture of the prevalence of this phenomenon in a particular area, the characteristics of the dynamics of changes in the frequency of suicides, and high-risk factors, namely age, gender, climatic and social components. The purpose of this study was an attempt to create for each region of Ukraine a statistical model of the dynamics of the frequency of completed suicides depending on the time component (months of the year) and to build on its basis a forecast of the dynamics of the indicator of the number of deaths due to intentional self-harm. For this, the autocorrelation of absolute indicators was carried out and correlograms of time series of indicators of the deaths' number due to intentional self-harm were constructed. The obtained correlograms had sufficiently pronounced features, which made it possible to structure them into 4 separate groups. For further analysis, we used the time series of the areas that made up the first two groups, characterized by a trend and seasonality. For further analysis, only models of exponential smoothing of the time series of areas were used, whose indicators of Ljung-Box Q-statistics, coefficient of determination, mean modulus of error, and smoothing of the mean were in an acceptable range. Based on the created time series model, it is possible to assume that the period from August 2021 to September 2022, will increase in the absolute indicator of the number of deaths due to intentional self-harm in the spring months and, for most regions, in January. For the autumn period, on the contrary, a decrease in the number of completed suicides is characteristic. the characteristics of the time series models for a whole group of regions did not allow us to use them to build a forecast. These regions are represented by two different geographical groups – a group of regions of Western Ukraine and three Black Sea regions. Created for each region of Ukraine, a statistical model of the frequency dynamics of the completed suicides depending on the time component (months of the year) made it possible to build an annual forecast for the number of deaths dynamics due to intentional self-harm. Longer-term forecasts are possible by analyzing more data