Determinants of Gas Energy Consumption in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis (1971-2006)

The paper evaluates the determinants of gas energy consumption in Pakistan during 1971-2006 using econometric techniques. Time series data ranging from 1971 to 2006 has been taken from Economic Survey of Pakistan (Statistical Supplement, 2006-07). For the analysis of the data, Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Jhonson Co-integration test (likelihood ratio statistic) and the method of ordinary least square have been used. The results indicate that 1% each increase in the gas energy consumption in the household, cement, fertilizer, power and industry sector brings 1.04%, 1.03%, 0.95%, 0.97% and 1.37% change in the total energy consumption respectively. The coefficients of all the explanatory variables are statistically significant at both 5% and 1% level of significance. It is recommended to increase the gas energy supply to meet the requirement in the household and industry sector

Determinants of Exports in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis (1970-2006)

The present study has been conducted in the year 2008 to assess the determinants of exports in Pakistan during 1970-2006 using econometric techniques. Time series data ranging from 1970 to 2006 on total exports, primary commodities exports, semi-manufactures and exports of manufactured goods has been taken from Economic Survey of Pakistan (Statistical Supplement, 2006-07). Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test has been used for checking the stationarity of the data. Furthermore, the Johenson Co-integration test (likelihood ratio statistic) has been used to detect the long-term relationship among the series. The method of ordinary least square has been used to assess the determinants of exports in Pakistan. The results indicate that 1% increase in the exports of primary commodities brings 0.97% increase in total exports in Pakistan. Similarly, 1% increase in the exports of semi-manufactures leads to increase total exports by 0.99%. On similar pattern, 1% increase in the exports of manufactured goods leads to increase total exports by 1%. The coefficients of all the explanatory variables are statistically significant at both 5% and 1% level of significance. It is recommended to increase the exports of primary goods, semi-manufactures and manufactured goods so as make balance of trade favorable

Determinants of Gas Energy Consumption in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis (1971-2006)

The paper evaluates the determinants of gas energy consumption in Pakistan during 1971-2006 using econometric techniques. Time series data ranging from 1971 to 2006 has been taken from Economic Survey of Pakistan (Statistical Supplement, 2006-07). For the analysis of the data, Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Jhonson Co-integration test (likelihood ratio statistic) and the method of ordinary least square have been used. The results indicate that 1% each increase in the gas energy consumption in the household, cement, fertilizer, power and industry sector brings 1.04%, 1.03%, 0.95%, 0.97% and 1.37% change in the total energy consumption respectively. The coefficients of all the explanatory variables are statistically significant at both 5% and 1% level of significance. It is recommended to increase the gas energy supply to meet the requirement in the household and industry sector

An Analysis of Socioeconomic Profile of Rice Farmers in Rural Economy of District Swat

The study was conducted in district Swat during 2007 to investigate the socioeconomic profiles of rural rice farmers. To this end, primary data was collected through structured questionnaire using a sample of size one hundred allocating to three tehsils selected purposively, each comprising three villages selected on the basis of proportional sampling technique. Rice farmers were found associated with agriculture sector. Income and, consumption pattern was found substandard. Major occupations were teaching, fishing and daily wage earners. Most of the rice farmers were found uneducated and tenants. Men generally made decisions. Villagers used to derive their food sustenance from their own farm products. Cattle, buffalo, cow and poultry were the major livestock. The major sources of income were farm incomes and foreign remittances. The major heads of expenditures were food items, clothing, education, health, electricity, house rent, sui-gas, water and investment activities. The total expenditures recorded were Rs. 14060 per month. They were found engaged in subsistence level of farming. The Govt. should take steps to improve their standard of living

A Review of the Principles of Islamic Banking System for Agriculture Credit

An attempt has been made in this paper to highlight the basis and principles of Islamic banks in general and particularly the agriculture banks for agricultural credit. Islamic financial techniques and their nature have been discussed. Murabaha, Mudaraba, Musharaka, Ijara Wa Iktina, Muqarada and Salam were observed the major Islamic financial techniques. The basic rules regarding Islamic finance have been mentioned. It was observed that Islamic banking system believes in assets based transactions. The challenges facing the Muslim ummah regarding Islamic banking were highlighted. It was also concluded that Islamic banking system is more effective in the distribution of income, reducing monopolies and curbing inflation as compared to conventional banking system

An Analysis of Gender-based Participation in Major Economic Activities: A Case Study of Selected Villages of District Mansehra

The study was conducted in district Mansehra during2007 to investigate the gender-based participation in major economic activities. Primary data was obtained through questionnaire using a sample of size one hundred and sixty allocating to eleven villages of the research area on the basis of systematic random sampling technique. Agricultural and forest activities were mainly performed by men. In Hilkot, Syedabad and Sumbal men were the dominant in performing all the agriculture activities. In Kundi, females played comparatively dominant role in gross cutting which was 50% as against 45% for males. In Boijri, females’ contribution was higher than males in weeding, fodder collection, gross cutting and fertilization which were 38.1%, 47.6%, 47.6% and 42.9% respectively. In Sathangali females were dominant in weeding and fodder collection with share of 57% and 61% respectively. In Gulderi, females’ contribution was high i.e 60% for harvesting and in Naka it was55% for fodder collection. Females’ contribution was dominant on average in Kotni/Dehri/Kund for weeding and, fodder collection i.e. 57% and 51% respectively. Men were found dominant in decision-making. In forest activities, women contribution was higher in collection of medicinal plants only i.e. 47% as against 34% for males. Female contribution in grazing (85%) and milking (80%)was highest as compared to men in the major livestock activities. Women should be given opportunities and liberty to play their role in economic activities

The Significance of Research and Development for Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan

This paper concentrates on the significance of Research and Development (R&D) for economic growth in the developing economy of Pakistan. The paper also questioned the major macro determinants of R&D in Pakistan. The study used time series data for the period 1971- 2008. The results obtained from the Ordinary Squares method showed that R&D significantly affects the Real GDP per capita in Pakistan. Health, labour force , and Physical capital are among the other determinants of Real GDP per capita. The results further show that real GDP per capita and quality of educational institutions are the significant factors which affect R&D. The Johansen Cointegration test confirmed the existence of long run relationship between R&D and economic growth. Similarly, R&D and its determinants were also found in long run relationship.It is therefore recommended to increase investment in R&D to achieve sustained economic growth. It is also recommended to collect and record quality R&D data for effective policy making in the field of science and technology, and social sectors in Pakistan

The Contribution of Education to Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan

This paper concentrates on the contribution of education to economic growth of Pakistan during 1971-2008.The study uses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Johansen Cointegration test as analytical techniques for this purpose. The results from OLS show that secondary education contributes significantly to the Real GDP Per Capita in Pakistan. The elementary education also positively affects economic growth but the result is statistically insignificant. The cointegration test results confirmed the existence of long run relationship in education and Real GDP Per Capita. It is therefore, suggested to keep education on top priority in public policies, make serious efforts for Universalization of Primary Education and discourage the drop-out rate at all levels of education to achieve sustained economic growth

Fiscal Decentralisation in Pakistan

Fiscal decentralisation is considered as an important policy instrument to achieve economic efficiency and ensure effective governance through financial autonomy of provincial governments. It integrates the smaller units of federation and ensures their participation in the economic development of country while at the same time capacitate the central government to fulfil the national level tasks more efficiently and effectively. It is considered as an important growth accelerating measure. It empowers the lower level governments through financial autonomy and administrative empowerment. Devolution helps the lower tiers of government to act as a powerful administrative agent of the central government. However, decentralisation helps units to be more innovative, responsible and efficient as they have more autonomous status. Decentralisation policy is believed to positively affect economic growth because it envisage better derivation and implementation of social policies. The decentralised setup of the government does not have any information barriers and lower level of government is better positioned to know the basic necessities and developmental needs of the people that are living in different regions of a country. Decentralisation brings up the true potential of a locality with the efficient resource exploration and its efficient utilisation. It furthers competition among the competing constituencies for better service provision which results in higher efficiency. This all has the potential to positively influence economic growth

The Contribution of Education to Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan

This paper concentrates on the contribution of education to economic growth of Pakistan during 1971-2008.The study uses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Johansen Cointegration test as analytical techniques for this purpose. The results from OLS show that secondary education contributes significantly to the Real GDP Per Capita in Pakistan. The elementary education also positively affects economic growth but the result is statistically insignificant. The cointegration test results confirmed the existence of long run relationship in education and Real GDP Per Capita. It is therefore, suggested to keep education on top priority in public policies, make serious efforts for Universalization of Primary Education and discourage the drop-out rate at all levels of education to achieve sustained economic growth