Profitability and production cost of hybrid pigeonpea seed

Hybrid pigeonpea technology, based on cytoplasmic nuclear male-sterility and natural out-crossing, was developed at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the first commercial hybrid ‘ICPH 2671’ performed well in farmers’ fields with 30-35% yield advantage. The commercial viability of this hybrid, however, depends on the availability of seeds at an affordable cost so that even a small pigeonpea farmer could reap the benefits of this technology. So far no information is available on this aspect hence, the present investigation was undertaken at Agriculture College Research Farm, Indore (M.P.). In this large-scale experiment, one kilogram of hybrid (A x R) seed was produced at the cost of Rs 18.85. Further, the estimated profit from growing one hectare of seed production plot of this hybrid was Rs. 70,005. It was concluded that the seed production technology is easy and it can be adopted by seed producers; however, the presence of pollinating insects in the production area is essentia

Traffic Sign Detection Using Deep Learning Algorithms

Traffic sign detection, along with road architecture, is a vital component of the advanced driver assistance system. Previously, typical traffic sign recognition system algorithms were used, however, due to a more advanced and upgraded globe. The only traditional model available for detecting traffic signs was insufficient. At the same time, because of its limitations, diving deeper into the recognition or detection aspect was a little tough. Deep learning methods, on the other hand, were introduced for the implementation and detection of traffic signs. The dataset was obtained from Kaggle. The dataset includes over 50,000 traffic sign photos and 43 identified classes. A transfer learning-based model for traffic sign detection and implementation was presented in this work, which steadily minimizes the quantity of training data required. when compared to other machine learning or deep learning models, while also reducing computational expenses by using transfer learning models such as Resnet 50, VGG16, VGG19, and so on. In addition, the Convolution neural network has been proposed, in which layer-wise feature extraction was conducted using multiple convolutions and pooling processes, which were then compared and analyzed. Finally, the transfer learning-based model is retrained numerous times using statistical analysis and fine-tuning parameters at different learning rates. when CNN and Adam Optimiser were utilized, the results reveal that the CNN model can get up to 98.95 percent recognition rate in traffic sign identification. The classification and evaluation report comprises accuracy, F-1 score, and recall, as well as several additional aspects tailored for review and analysis. This research might aid in the identification of different forms of traffic infrastructure, such as roadway marking and roadside provisions. Python tools such as matplotlib, Keras, seaborn, pandas, and many others were used to run and deploy the code. For programming, Google collab and Jupyter notebook were also used

Ameliorations of Gamma Radiations on Chlorophyll Spectrum and Morphological Characteristics of Peas

Aims: we aimed to investigate the chlorophyll spectrum and morphological characteristics of Pea under the influence of gamma radiations. Methods: The experimental material comprised three pea genotypes viz; Arkel, Kashi Nandini, and PSM-3. Mature and well-filled seeds were irradiated with 150 and 200 Gy doses of gamma rays, and six treatments with three control were laid into randomized block design at Research Farm, Krishi Vigyan Kendra during the spring of 2018-19. Results: The highest frequency of chlorophyll mutation was recorded in PSM-3 at 150 Gy and the lowest in Kashi Nandini at 200 Gy. The widest spectrum of chlorophyll mutation with seven different mutants was recorded in the PSM-3 at a 150 Gy dose. With an increase in the dose of gamma rays, there was a decrease in the mutation frequency in all the varieties. Conclusions: Gamma rays at a rate of 150 Gy were the best for increasing the mutation frequency and they can be used for the induction of desirable mutations in peas. The obtained results confirm that the high potency of the selected mutagenic doses induced a high phenotypic diversity in the treated population and the isolated distinct mutants were of great economic, as well as academic interest for future breeding on peas. The seeds derived from the control and treated populations should be advanced to further generations, to release more variability for quantitative traits which will favor better selection

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Not AvailableSorghum shoot fly(Atherigona soccata) is a serious pest that destabilizes the performance of sorghum cultivars and ultimately reduces sorghum production in many parts of the world. Identifying sorghum genotypes with stable resistance to shoot fly is important as it helps to reduce the cost of cultivation and stabilizes yields. In the present study, our objective was to identify stable shoot fly resistant genotypes among 385 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of a cross between a susceptible parent and a resistant parent. We evaluated this set of RILs in eight environments over three years (2006e2008) for shoot fly resistance and component traits. Non-significant genotypeeenvironment (G E) linear component and significant pooled deviation for deadheart percentage indicated that the performance of genotypes was unpredictable over the environments. However, five lines had deadheart percentages much less than the population meanwith regression coefficient (bi) values close to unity, and non-significant deviation from regression, indicating that they have stable shoot fly resistance and are well adapted to all the environments. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis partitioned main effects into genotype, environment and G E interacts with all the components showing highly significant effects (p<0.001). Environment had the greatest effect (69.2%) followed by G E interactions (24.6%) and genotype (6.2%). Low heritability and high environmental influence for deadheart percentage suggested that shoot fly resistance is a highly complex character, emphasizing the need for marker assisted selection. We observed transgressive variation in the RIL population for all the traits indicating the contribution of alleles for resistance from both resistant and susceptible parents. Since the alleles for shoot fly resistance are contributed by both resistant and susceptible parents, efforts should be made to capture favourable alleles from resistant and susceptible genotypes.Not Availabl

Cytomorphometric analysis of buccal mucosal cells in iron deficiency anemia: A cross-sectional study

Background: Worldwide, at any given moment, more individuals have iron deficiency anemia (IDA) than any other health problems. Very few studies have been conducted to evaluate changes in oral mucosa in IDA. The present study is undertaken for cytomorphometric analysis of buccal mucosal cells in IDA. Nuclear diameter (ND), cell diameter (CD), nuclear area (NA), cell area (CA), and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) are measured and compared in buccal mucosal cells of IDA patients and controls. Aims: To evaluate cytomorphometric changes in epithelial cells of oral mucosa in IDA and to compare these changes with the controls. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods and Materials: Forty cases of IDA and forty cases of control group were selected for the study. IDA cases were diagnosed with decreased Hb level, MCV, MCH, MCHC and confirmed by decreased serum iron and increased total iron-binding capacity levels. Cytomorphometric analysis of buccal mucosa was performed to study CA, CD, NA, ND, and N/C ratio. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was done using t- test in SPSS software version 4. Result: Results of our study showed increased cell area, cell diameter, nuclear area, nuclear diameter, and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in anemic group as compared to controls. Conclusion: The study suggests that individuals with IDA regardless of clinically visible oral lesions show cytological changes in oral mucosal epithelium. Knowledge of quantitative alterations in oral epithelial cells of IDA patients is important as these alterations are similar to those seen in precancerous and radiation-induced changes. Cytomorphometry is an efficient tool to understand the extent of cellular changes that occur in oral epithelial cells in IDA

Identification and validation of genomic regions that affect shoot fly resistance in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench].

Not AvailableShoot fly is one of the most important pests affecting the sorghum production. The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting shoot fly resistance enables to understand the underlying genetic mechanisms and genetic basis of complex interactions among the component traits. The aim of the present study was to detect QTL for shoot fly resistance and the associated traits using a population of 210 RILs of the cross 27B (susceptible) 9 IS2122 (resistant). RIL population was phenotyped in eight environments for shoot fly resistance (deadheart percentage), and in three environments for the component traits, such as glossiness, seedling vigor and trichome density. Linkage map was constructed with 149 marker loci comprising 127 genomic-microsatellite, 21 genic-microsatellite and one morphological marker. QTL analysis was performed by using MQM approach. 25 QTL (five each for leaf glossiness and seedling vigor, 10 for deadhearts, two for adaxial trichome density and three for abaxial trichome density) were detected in individual and across environments. The LOD and R2 (%) values of QTL ranged from 2.44 to 24.1 and 4.3 to 44.1%, respectively. For most of the QTLs, the resistant parent, IS2122 contributed alleles for resistance; while at two QTL regions, the susceptible parent 27B also contributed for resistance traits. Three genomic regions affected multiple traits, suggesting the phenomenon of pleiotrophy or tight linkage. Stable QTL were identified for the traits across different environments, and genetic backgrounds by comparing the QTL in the study with previously reported QTL in sorghum. For majority of the QTLs, possible candidate genes were identified. The QTLs identified will enable marker assisted breeding for shoot fly resistance in sorghum