EFFECT OF CUTTING LENGTH, THICKNESS AND PLANTING TIMES ON THE SUCCESS OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF JIGA (Garuga pinnata)

An experiment was conducted to find out suitable planting time and cutting size (length and thickness) on the success of vegetative propagation of Jiga (Garuga pinnata) at the Agroforestry Farm, Department of Agroforestry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from March to September, 2004. The treatments were three planting times viz. third week of March, April and May, three different cutting lengths viz. 50, 25 and 12.5 cm and thickness viz. thick stem cuttings of 2.75 cm diameter ranging from 2.5 to 3.0 cm in thickness and thin stem cuttings of 1.5 cm diameter ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 cm in thickness. The highest percent survivability and effective branches (56.9% and 1.21, respectively) was found with 50 cm long cuttings. Thick cuttings gave the highest percent survivability and effective branches (38.90% and 0.75, respectively). March plantation gave the highest percent survivability and effective branches (59.20% and 1.46, respectively). The interaction effects between the cutting length, cutting thickness and planting time showed a very clear and decisive result of 100% survivability with 50 cm long and thick cuttings in March plantation. The highest 3.78 number of branches was observed with 50 cm long, thick cutting in March plantation. Both survivability and branch development of this study showed that March plantation had better effects compared to the April plantation. Key word: Cutting length, planting times, vegetative propagation INTRODUCTION In Bangladesh Jiga (Garuga pinnata) is a type of tree that is well suited as living poles along the hedges and can be used for fodder production also. Jiga is a Burseraceae tree species belonging to the genus Garuga. It grows very fast and has considerable potential for supplying fodder, live posts and other products. It is a multipurpose tree. It is mostly used as living poles along the fence around the homestead and farm lands by the farmers in our country. It also grows in home garden as timber yielding tree and produces scarcity fodders for the farmers. The farmers and villagers in our country usually plant very thick and larger stocks/poles/cuttings to serve them as living poles and are selectively kept for growing them as trees for future uses. In this method, they need a huge quantity of plant materials when needed to fence the whole homestead, garden or crop fields. However, although these thick and tall stocks are needed for stronger fencing, it may be unnecessary for the case of fodder production as well as for multiplication of the stems for future uses. Again tall stocks usually branch in upper region. Apart from live posts combination of live fencing and fodder production system is not effectively used at present with G. pinnata, unless combined with other species. This problem may be solved using stem cuttings technique in this species, enhancing branching from the whole area of the cuttings. Like many other species, it is thought that G. pinnata especially the regenerated plants from cuttings do not grow well in flooding or heavy raining condition. Therefore, suitable planting time is should be identified. These were focussed in the present experiment with a view to find out suitable planting time for propagation through cutting techniques and the suitable size (length and thickness) of cutting as planting materials

Natural compounds targeting cancer stem cells: a promising resource for chemotherapy

Background: Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are the subpopulation of cancer cells which are directly involved in drug resistance, metastases to distant organ and cancer recurrence.Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted through various electronic databases including, Pubmed, Scopus, Google scholar using the keywords "cancer stem cells" and "natural compounds" in the present study. Articles published between 1999 and 2019 were reviewed. All the expositions concerning CSCs associated cancer pathogenesis and therapy resistance, as well as targeting these properties of CSCs by natural compounds were selected for the current study.Results: Natural compounds have always been thought as a rich source of biologically active principles, which target aberrantly activated signaling pathways and other modalities of CSCs, while tethering painful side effects commonly involved in the first-line and second-line chemo-radiotherapies. In this review, we have described the key signaling pathways activated in CSCs to maintain their survival and highlighted how natural compounds interrupt these signaling pathways to minimize therapy resistance, pathogenesis and cancer recurrence properties of CSCs, thereby providing useful strategies to treat cancer or aid in cancer therapy improvement. Like normal stem cells, CSCs rely on different signaling pathways and other properties for their maintenance. Therefore, the success of cancer treatment depends on the development of proper anti-neoplastic drugs capable of intercepting those signaling pathways as well as other properties of CSCs in order to eradicate this evasive subpopulation of cancer cells.Conclusion: Compounds of natural origin might act as an outstanding source to design novel therapies against cancer stem cells