Over Exploitation of Groundwater Resources and Their Influence on Groundwater in Peshawar Valley

In this study the objective is to find the impact of the rainwater recharge on the ground water table fluctuations. For this purpose the data about different sources of discharge from the ground water as well as the sources of water recharged into the ground water was collected. The discharge of these Tube wells ranges from 1200 gallons per hour for a Tube-well in Pishtakhera Payan to 50625 gallons per hour from an Irrigation Tube well in Lakaray. It was also observed that both turbine and submersible pumps are used in these tube-wells. After summing up all the discharges from all the tube wells it was found to be 7,401,684 gallons per hour (7.78m3/sec). According to PDA report area of Peshawar is 1257 Km2. Since Depth of water per unit time is total discharge / total Area, therefore depth of water per second is 7.77 / (1257*1000^2) = 6.18 * 10-9 m/sec. Depth of water per year = 6.18 * 10-9 * 3600*12*365= 0.098 m /year= 98 mm / year. The average discharge of each commercial well was found to be 0.38 Liters / second. Since ttal number of union councils in Peshawar region are 92, therefore on average total number of commercial/community tube wells are 552. Taking average discharge for each tube well as 0.38 Liters / sec, total discharge from the commercial wells in Peshawar region will be 552*0.38=209.76 Liters per second which is equal to 0.2098 cubic meter per second. Discharge from commercial wells per year=0.2098*3600*4*365= 1102498.6 cubic meter per year.Total depth of water discharged by the commercial wells from the Peshawar region is Depth of water = 1102498.6 / 1169*1000^2=0.94mm/year.Assuming two hours operation of hand pump daily, total outflow of water from town-II is equal to 22873905.7 cubic meters per year. Total depth of water discharged from town-II using hand pumps was found to be equal to 52.28 mm per year.So total annual depth of water discharged out through hand pumps from three towns (II, III, and IV) is equal to 171.05 mm. Keywords: Rainwater, Recharge, Hand Pump, Tube well, Discharge, Total Dept

Multi-Criteria Land Suitability Analysis for Agriculture Using AHP and Remote Sensing Data of Northern Region India

The purpose of this study was to identify adequate agricultural sites in Punjab’s Northern region India district (India). This research employed the “Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)” approach, which is extensively used in land use appropriateness studies. Great soil type, land use, land cover, soil moisture, slope, aspect, elevation, drainage, geology, and geomorphology were all incorporated into the application. The ranks of influencing criteria were calculated using expert judgments and correlation analysis, while the weights were determined using a pairwise comparison matrix. The scores for sub-parameters with internal variations in the criteria assigned based on field work and published norms. The study area is considered to be highly appropriate for agricultural production in 41.2% (39044.28 ha), moderately suitable in 14.3% (13498.76 ha), and marginally suitable in 4.2% (3993 ha). Furthermore, it was discovered that 1.9% of the land is now unfit for agricultural production (1766.6 ha), while 38.4% of the area is permanently unsuitable (36372.6 ha). The following facts were also discovered to be important in achieving these results: a large portion (approximately 45%) of the study area is covered with forests, built-up areas, and water bodies, the soil depth is insufficient for agricultural production, the slope in the study area is quite steep, and thus the erosion degree is high

Impact of Time Taken on the Surgical Outcome of Extradural Hematoma in Patients with Road Traffic Accidents

Background: To determine the impact of time taken on the surgical outcome of extradural hematoma in patients with road traffic accidents.Methods: Sixty adult patients with history of road traffic accident with extradural hematoma on axial images of CT scan brain were included. All patients were allocated into three groups with 20 patients in each group. Patients in Group I were those in whom time from the occurrence of trauma to the surgical evacuation of hematoma was < 1 hour, 1 to 6 hours in group II and > 6 hours in group III.Results: In group I, majority (90 %) showed favourable outcome. In group II, 70 % showed favourable outcome. In group III, 50 % showed favourable outcome. Significant association was found between outcome and time of surgery (p<0.05).Conclusions: Frequency of favourable outcome after surgical evacuation was significantly higher in patients in whom surgery was performed within one hour after the trauma (P<0.05)

Fixed points of multivalued quasi-nonexpansive mappings using a faster iterative process

In this article, we prove some strong and weak convergence theorems for quasi-nonexpansive multivalued mappings in Banach spaces. The iterative process used is independent of Ishikawa iterative process and converges faster. Some examples are provided to validate our results. Our results extend and unify some results in the contemporary literature.http://link.springer.com/journal/10114hb201

Comparison of Decompressive Craniectomy and Multi-Dural Stabs with Decompressive Craniectomy and Open-Dural Flap Method, in the Treatment of Acute Subdural Hematomas

Background: To compare the functional outcome between decompressive craniectomy and multi-dural stabs, with decompressive craniectomy and open-dural flap, in the removal of acute subdural hematomas . Methods : In this randomized controlled trial,  64 patients, with acute sub-dural hematomas were included.  Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of lottery method. All patients gave informed written consent. In group A, all patients were operated upon by multi-dural stab technique and in group B, patients were operated upon by open-dural flap technique. The objective degree of recovery in the patients treated by both craniectomy techniques was assessed by Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS), having maximum of 5 and minimum of 1 score. Favourable outcome was at points 4-5 and Un-favourable at 1-3 points, at 2 weeks. GOS attached as annexure A. Favourable outcome was assessed at 2 weeks according to GOS. Results : The mean age in group-A and group-B was 59.09 ± 9.39 years and 59.56 ± 9.98 years. Males constituted the main in both groups. Mean GOS in group A and in group B, was 3.06 ± 1.24 and 2.69 ± 0.82 respectively. Statistically mean GOS was same in this study groups, p-value 0.159, > 0.05. There were 37.5% patients in group A and 9.4% patients in group B who had favourable results, while in group A and group B, 62.5% and 90.60% patients had unfavourable results. Favourable results were statistically more in group A as compared to group B, p-value =0.008. Conclusion: Treatment of acute subdural hematoma by decompressive craniectomy with multi dural stabs technique has more favourable results (using GOS) than decompressive craniectomy with open-dural flap technique

Physicho and electrochemical characterization of PVC incorporated ZP composite membrane and their important parameters through applying TMS equation

The synthetic organic-inorganic composite membranes have enormous applications in the field of filtration and purification processes. The newly synthesized PVC (polyvinyl chloride) incorporated ZP (zinc phosphate) composite membrane is used as a barrier for the transportation of some strong electrolyte solutions like KCl, NaCl and LiCl. The composite material which used to make the membrane was qualitatively synthesized by sol-gel method of material synthesis. To characterize the structural and thermal properties of membrane there are different techniques like FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTA, SEM-EDX, LCR have been used. By characterizations it is clear that the material has crystalline nature, thermally stable and no breakages or cracks are found on membrane the surface. The electrochemical observation was done by potentiometer, which shows that the membrane is cation selective. To determine the charge density of membrane Teorell-Meyer-Sievers method is used. The observed potential and charge density of the incubated membrane follows KClNaCl>LiCl order respectively. The other important parameters like transport number, mobility ratio, charge effectiveness are also calculated by observed potential values

) in an Emerging Economy

Abstract: This study explores the level of awareness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) among MBA students at a major Saudi university; MBA students were chosen for this research because these students represent future business leaders. All of the attending MBA students were surveyed, and 204 valid responses were used for the analysis. Four CSR dimensions were investigated: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic dimensions. Significant differences were found in the respondents' awareness of the CSR dimensions. Significant awareness differences were also found among the respondents based on gender, work experience, and managerial position. Implications, recommendations, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed

National guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

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