Trade Liberalization, Financial Sector Reforms and Growth

This paper empirically investigates the impact of trade and financial liberalization on economic growth in Pakistan using annual observations over the period 1961-2005. The analysis is based on the bound testing approach of cointegration advanced by Pesaran et al (2001). The empirical findings suggest that both trade and financial policies play an important role in enhancing growth in Pakistan in the long-run. However, the short-run response of real deposit rate and trade policy variable is very low, suggesting further acceleration of reform process. The feedback coefficient suggests a very slow rate of adjustment towards long-run equilibrium. The estimated short-run dynamics are stable as indicated by CUSUMQ test.Financial Sector Reforms; Trade Liberalization; Growth; Pakistan

2-Chloro-4-(2-iodo­benzene­sulfonamido)­benzoic acid

In the title compound, C13H9ClINO4S, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 81.04 (17)°. The disposition of the I and Cl atoms attached to the two rings is anti. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected via O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

4-Chloro-1-iodo-2-nitro­benzene

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C6H3ClINO2, the nitro group is disordered over two sites with occupancies of 0.506 (6) and 0.494 (6). The dihedral angles between the benzene ring and the two disordered components of the nitro group are 29.0 (2) and 51.0 (3)°. The disordering avoids short O⋯O inter­molecular contacts in the crystal

Methyl 4-hy­droxy-2-meth­oxy­carbonyl­methyl-1,1-dioxo-1,2-dihydro-1λ6,2-benzothia­zine-3-carboxyl­ate1

There are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C13H13NO7S, which have almost identical geometries. The thia­zine ring adopts a sofa conformation in both mol­ecules and the mol­ecular conformations are stabilized by intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal packing

2-Chloro-5-(2-iodo­benzene­sulfonamido)­benzoic acid

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C13H9ClINO4S, the coordination around the S atom is distorted tetra­hedral. The aromatic rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 74.46 (9)°. Intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of two five- and one six-membered rings, which adopt planar, envelope and twisted conformations, respectively. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules to form R 2 2(8) ring motifs, which are further linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. π–π contacts between the benzene rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.709 (3) and 3.772 (3) Å] may further stabilize the structure. The I atom is disordered over two positions, refined with occupancies of ca 0.75 and 0.25

On Weighted Nwikpe Distribution: Properties and Applications

In this article, two-parameter continuous distribution is introduced. The proposed distribution is obtained by using a weight technique and is referred to as weighted Nwikpe distribution. This distribution is a generalization of baseline distribution that is Nwikpe distribution. Some structural properties of the distribution are derived. These are density function, distribution function, and reliability function, hazard rate function, moments, moment generating function, entropies, order statistics, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves. The method of maximum likelihood estimation has been established for investigating the parameters of the model. The behaviour of the parameters of the distribution is examined by a simulation study. Real data set is used to determine whether the weighted Nwikpe distribution is better than other well-known distributions in modeling data or not

2-Bromo-4-nitro­aniline

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C6H5BrN2O2, the dihedral angle between the nitro group and the aromatic ring is 4.57 (4)°. An intra­molecular N—H⋯Br inter­action results in the formation of a planar five-membered ring, which is oriented with respect to the aromatic ring at a dihedral angle of 1.64 (6)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules

Trade Liberalization, Financial Sector Reforms and Growth

This paper empirically investigates the impact of trade and financial liberalization on economic growth in Pakistan using annual observations over the period 1961-2005. The analysis is based on the bound testing approach of cointegration advanced by Pesaran et al (2001). The empirical findings suggest that both trade and financial policies play an important role in enhancing growth in Pakistan in the long-run. However, the short-run response of real deposit rate and trade policy variable is very low, suggesting further acceleration of reform process. The feedback coefficient suggests a very slow rate of adjustment towards long-run equilibrium. The estimated short-run dynamics are stable as indicated by CUSUMQ test

Trade Liberalization, Financial Sector Reforms and Growth

This paper empirically investigates the impact of trade and financial liberalization on economic growth in Pakistan using annual observations over the period 1961-2005. The analysis is based on the bound testing approach of cointegration advanced by Pesaran et al (2001). The empirical findings suggest that both trade and financial policies play an important role in enhancing growth in Pakistan in the long-run. However, the short-run response of real deposit rate and trade policy variable is very low, suggesting further acceleration of reform process. The feedback coefficient suggests a very slow rate of adjustment towards long-run equilibrium. The estimated short-run dynamics are stable as indicated by CUSUMQ test