164 research outputs found
On Energy Efficiency and Delay Minimization in Reactive Protocols in Wireless Multi-hop Networks
In Wireless Multi-hop Networks (WMhNs), routing protocols with energy
efficient and delay reduction techniques are needed to fulfill users demands.
In this paper, we present Linear Programming models (LP_models) to assess and
enhance reactive routing protocols. To practically examine constraints of
respective LP_models over reactive protocols, we select AODV, DSR and DYMO. It
is deduced from analytical simulations of LP_models in MATLAB that quick route
repair reduces routing latency and optimizations of retransmission attempts
results efficient energy utilization. To provide quick repair, we enhance AODV
and DSR. To practically examine the efficiency of enhanced protocols in
different scenarios of WMhNs, we conduct simulations using NS- 2. From
simulation results, enhanced DSR and AODV achieve efficient output by
optimizing routing latencies and routing load in terms of retransmission
attempts
Density Controlled Divide-and-Rule Scheme for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Cluster based routing technique is most popular routing technique in Wireless
Sensor Networks (WSNs). Due to varying need of WSN applications efficient
energy utilization in routing protocols is still a potential area of research.
In this research work we introduced a new energy efficient cluster based
routing technique. In this technique we tried to overcome the problem of
coverage hole and energy hole. In our technique we controlled these problems by
introducing density controlled uniform distribution of nodes and fixing optimum
number of Cluster Heads (CHs) in each round. Finally we verified our technique
by experimental results of MATLAB simulations.Comment: 26th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering
(CCECE2013), Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, 201
HEER: Hybrid Energy Efficient Reactive Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of numerous sensors which send sensed
data to base station. Energy conservation is an important issue for sensor
nodes as they have limited power.Many routing protocols have been proposed
earlier for energy efficiency of both homogeneous and heterogeneous
environments. We can prolong our stability and network lifetime by reducing our
energy consumption. In this research paper, we propose a protocol designed for
the characteristics of a reactive homogeneous WSNs, HEER (Hybrid Energy
Efficient Reactive) protocol. In HEER, Cluster Head(CH) selection is based on
the ratio of residual energy of node and average energy of network. Moreover,
to conserve more energy, we introduce Hard Threshold (HT) and Soft Threshold
(ST). Finally, simulations show that our protocol has not only prolonged the
network lifetime but also significantly increased stability period.Comment: 2nd IEEE Saudi International Electronics, Communications and
Photonics Conference (SIECPC 13), 2013, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi
Performance Analysis of Hierarchical Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks
This work focusses on analyzing the optimization strategies of routing
protocols with respect to energy utilization of sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor
Network (WSNs). Different routing mechanisms have been proposed to address
energy optimization problem in sensor nodes. Clustering mechanism is one of the
popular WSNs routing mechanisms. In this paper, we first address energy
limitation constraints with respect to maximizing network life time using
linear programming formulation technique. To check the efficiency of different
clustering scheme against modeled constraints, we select four cluster based
routing protocols; Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Threshold
Sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network (TEEN), Stable Election Protocol
(SEP), and Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC). To validate our
mathematical framework, we perform analytical simulations in MATLAB by choosing
number of alive nodes, number of dead nodes, number of packets and number of
CHs, as performance metrics.Comment: NGWMN with 7th IEEE International Conference on Broadband and
Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA 2012), Victoria,
Canada, 201
Metaverse for Wireless Systems: Architecture, Advances, Standardization, and Open Challenges
The growing landscape of emerging wireless applications is a key driver
toward the development of novel wireless system designs. Such a design can be
based on the metaverse that uses a virtual model of the physical world systems
along with other schemes/technologies (e.g., optimization theory, machine
learning, and blockchain). A metaverse using a virtual model performs proactive
intelligent analytics prior to a user request for efficient management of the
wireless system resources. Additionally, a metaverse will enable
self-sustainability to operate wireless systems with the least possible
intervention from network operators. Although the metaverse can offer many
benefits, it faces some challenges as well. Therefore, in this tutorial, we
discuss the role of a metaverse in enabling wireless applications. We present
an overview, key enablers, design aspects (i.e., metaverse for wireless and
wireless for metaverse), and a novel high-level architecture of metaverse-based
wireless systems. We discuss metaverse management, reliability, and security of
the metaverse-based system. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances and
standardization of metaverse-enabled wireless system. Finally, we outline open
challenges and present possible solutions
Prevalence of active HCV infection among the blood donors of Khyber Pakhtunkwa and FATA region of Pakistan and evaluation of the screening tests for anti-HCV
Hepatitis C is a fatal liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus. In this study, blood donors, from various districts of the KPK province and the federally administered tribal area (FATA) of Pakistan were tested for anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA by ICT (Immuno-chromatographic test), ELISA and RT-PCR. Out of the 7148 blood donors, 224 (3.13%) were positive for anti-HCV antibodies by ICT, 135 (1.89%) by ELISA while 118 (1.65%) blood donors had active HCV infection as detected by RT-PCR. We suggest that ELISA should be used for anti-HCV screening in public sector hospitals and health care units
Duplex PCR assay for the detection of avian adeno virus and chicken anemia virus prevalent in Pakistan
Avian Adeno viruses and Chicken Anemia Viruses cause serious economic losses to the poultry industry of Pakistan each year. Timely and efficient diagnosis of the viruses is needed in order to practice prevention and control strategies. In the first part of this study, we investigated broilers, breeder and Layer stocks for morbidity and mortality rates due to AAV and CAV infections and any co-infections by examining signs and symptoms typical of their infestation or post mortem examination. In the second part of the study, we developed a duplex PCR assay for the detection of AAV and CAV which is capable to simultaneously detect both the viral types prevalent in Pakistan with high sensitivity and 100% specificity
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