Fluctuations in Number of Cercospora beticola Conidia in Relationship to Environment and Disease Severity in Sugar Beet

All content of Phytopathology is open access without restriction 12 months after publicationCercospora leaf spot, caused by Cercospora beticola, is the most damaging foliar disease of sugar beet in Minnesota (MN) and North Dakota (ND). Research was conducted to characterize the temporal progression of aerial concentration of C. beticola conidia in association with the environment and disease severity in sugar beet. In 2003 and 2004, volumetric spore traps were placed within inoculated sugar beet plots to determine daily dispersal of conidia at Breckenridge, MN, and St. Thomas, ND. Plots were rated weekly for disease severity. At both locations, conidia were first collected in early July 2003 and late June in 2004. Peaks of conidia per cubic meter of air were observed with maxima in late August 2003 and in early September 2004 at both locations. Peaks of airborne conidium concentration were significantly correlated with the average temperature of daily hours when relative humidity was greater than 87%. Weekly mean hourly conidia per cubic meter of air was significantly (P <0.01) associated with disease severity during both years and across locations. This study showed that C. beticola conidial numbers may be used to estimate potential disease severity that, with further research, could be incorporated in a disease forecasting model to rationalize Cercospora leaf spot management.Peer reviewe

Finite element modelling of electrostatic fields in process tomography capacitive electrode systems for flow response evaluation

Various aspects and results of 2-D finite element (FE) modeling of electrostatic fields in 12-electrode capacitive systems for two-phase flow imaging are described. The capacitive technique relies on changes in capacitances between electrodes (mounted on the outer surface of the flow pipe) due to the change in permittivities of flow components. The measured capacitances between various electrode pairs and the field computation data are used to reconstruct the cross sectional image of the flow components. FE modeling of the electric field is necessary to optimize design variables and evaluate the system response to various flow regimes, likely to be encountered in practice. Results are presented in terms of normalized capacitances for various flow regimes. The effects of key geometric parameters of the electrode system are presented and analyzed

Grid applications for the BaBar experiment

This paper discusses the use of e-Science Grid in providing computational resources for modern international High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. We investigate the suitability of the current generation of Grid software to provide the necessary resources to perform large-scale simulation of the experiment and analysis of data in the context of multinational collaboration

Evaluation of Includem’s intensive support services – September 2007

In 2005 Includem commissioned a two-year evaluation of its intensive support services provided to young people as part of the Intensive Support and Monitoring Service in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee, East Dunbartonshire, and West Dunbartonshire. Over two years Includem’s provided intensive support, normally around 15 hours per week plus access to Includem’s 24-hour crisis helpline, to over 200 young people, including 69 young people with a Movement Restriction Condition ('electronic tag')

Validation of Finite Element Modelling of Multielectrode Capacitive System for Process Tomography Flow Imaging

Finite element modelling of process tomography sensor systems is necessary for their CAD both for performance evaluation and design optimization. This paper involves the validation of finite element models of a 12-electrode capacitive sensor system for multiphase flow imaging. Various results of modelling have been compared in the form of standing mode capacitances and sensor sensitivity distribution with experimental data obtained from UMIST. There is good agreement between simulation results and experiments especially for high sensitivity regions inside the pipe

Distributing the Kalman Filter for Large-Scale Systems

This paper derives a \emph{distributed} Kalman filter to estimate a sparsely connected, large-scale, $n-$dimensional, dynamical system monitored by a network of $N$ sensors. Local Kalman filters are implemented on the ($n_l-$dimensional, where $n_l\ll n$) sub-systems that are obtained after spatially decomposing the large-scale system. The resulting sub-systems overlap, which along with an assimilation procedure on the local Kalman filters, preserve an $L$th order Gauss-Markovian structure of the centralized error processes. The information loss due to the $L$th order Gauss-Markovian approximation is controllable as it can be characterized by a divergence that decreases as $L\uparrow$. The order of the approximation, $L$, leads to a lower bound on the dimension of the sub-systems, hence, providing a criterion for sub-system selection. The assimilation procedure is carried out on the local error covariances with a distributed iterate collapse inversion (DICI) algorithm that we introduce. The DICI algorithm computes the (approximated) centralized Riccati and Lyapunov equations iteratively with only local communication and low-order computation. We fuse the observations that are common among the local Kalman filters using bipartite fusion graphs and consensus averaging algorithms. The proposed algorithm achieves full distribution of the Kalman filter that is coherent with the centralized Kalman filter with an $L$th order Gaussian-Markovian structure on the centralized error processes. Nowhere storage, communication, or computation of $n-$dimensional vectors and matrices is needed; only $n_l \ll n$ dimensional vectors and matrices are communicated or used in the computation at the sensors

Using Medicines Wisely: The place of the formulary in medicines management

It has long been established that pharmacists have a central role in promoting rational and cost-effective prescribing. In 1986, the Nuffield Report1 highlighted the importance of pharmaceutical advice. Soon after, it was recognised that capturing this advice in the form of a formulary was probably the most effective way of improving prescribing practice. The concept of formularies has gained ground over the years and now forms the basic foundation of modern medicines management systems. It is particularly relevant in the current climate where medicines management appears to be at the top of the agenda for nearly all NHS trusts

High temperature corrosion by combustion gases produced by burning liquid fuels containing sulphur, sodium and vanadium.

High temperature corrosion, at 730° C, by combustion gases produced by burning liquid fuels in a laboratory combustor has been investigated. A selected range of steels and alloys (mild steel, stainless steel type 347, Nimonic N90, N105, and IN657) have been tested in the combustion gases using fuels containing varying amounts of impurities in the range of 0 - 6% sulphur, 0 - 60 ppm sodium, and 0 - 300 ppm vanadium. On the basis of the comprehensive results a computer programme was written to predict corrosion rates of mild steel by combustion gases produced by burning fuels containing impurities such as sulphur, sodium and vanadium. The programme was tested, and the predictions which included the change of fuel were experimentally verified. Oil soluble additives have been used to show the effect on corrosion rates of the materials tested. By using X-ray diffraction analysis of the oxide layers, and with the help of electron microscopy, an attempt was made to investigate the mechanism of corrosion in the individual and collective presence of sulphur, sodium and vanadium-supplied by the test fuels. It is shown, for example, that the presence of sulphur in the fuel helps in the formation of FeO in the surface oxide layers. The ignition delay time or simply the ignition delay, which is the time lapse between the introduction of a fuel droplet into a heated atmosphere and its eventual ignition, was measured for all the test fuels. It is shown that the addition of elemental impurities such as sulphur sodium and vanadium have no significant effect on the ignition delay of the fuel but the addition of oil soluble additive makes the, ignition delay - temperature, curve steeper at the operating temperature and also reduces, corrosion of materials. Light hydrocarbon fuels having lower ignition delay than Kerosene at the operating temperature can be used as an additive to reduce the formation of sulphur trioxide in the combustion gases

Fluid Management in Children

A broad understanding of the principles of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is essential for ensuring safe and effective prescribing of fluids. Inappropriate prescribing can lead to unnecessarily prolonged hospital stays and, in extreme cases, can lead to morbidity and mortality. Generally, infants have a much higher surface area to body mass ratio than older children and adults. This combined with the fact that they have a relatively higher proportion of extracellular water, means that they are more likely to become dehydrated. Hence stopping fluid intake for more than short periods of time will affect the body's ability to maintain fluid homeostasis. In such patients, drinking water may not be sufficient to replace deficits within a safe time frame, and intravenous (IV) fluid administration may become essential to correct acute losses. Intravenous fluid therapy can be divided into two categories depending on the aim of treatment: to correct existing fluid deficits (fluid replacement/resuscitation) or to replace normal losses (routine maintenance). Most indications for IV fluid replacement are the same for children as for adults. The amount of IV fluid required by a child will depend on the current level of dehydration, the indication and any comorbidity. Another important factor is age; neonates require relatively more fluid intake than infants or older children