Sunlight (actinic) keratosis: an update

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Xeroderma pigmentosum: a case report and review of the literature

Inherited molecular defects in nucleotide excision repair genes cause the autosomal recessive condition xeroderma pigmentosum. Xeroderma pigmentosum is characterized by photo-hyper- sensitivity of sun-exposed tissues, and by a several thousand-fold increase in the risk of developing malignant neoplasms of the skin and of the eyes. Mutations in xeroderma pigmentosum genes that regulate nucleotide excision repair, not only predispose persons with xeroderma pigmentosum to multiple malignancies, but also promote premature cutaneous and ocular ageing, and in some cases promote progressive neurodegenerative changes. This paper describes a case of xeroderma pigmentosum with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, actinic cheilitis and ocular lesions in a 19-year old black woman. The extensive ultraviolet radiation-induced skin and eye damage are evidence of neglect of sun-protection and lack of appropriate medical care from childhood

Human papillomavirus-mediated carcinogenesis and HPV-associated oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Part 1: Human papillomavirus-mediated carcinogenesis

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncoproteins are essential factors for HPV-induced carcinogenesis, and for the maintenance of the consequent neoplastic growth. Cellular transformation is achieved by complex interaction of these oncogenes with several cellular factors of cell cycle regulation including p53, Rb, cyclin-CDK complexes, p21 and p27. Both persistent infection with high-risk HPV genotypes and immune dysregulation are associated with increased risk of HPV-induced squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma in a South African sample: Race/ethnicity, age, gender, and degree of histopathological differentiation

Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate differences between black and white persons with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with regard to age, gender, oral site affected, and histopathological degree of differentiation; and to compare these clinicopathological parameters between persons younger and older than 40 years in a South African population sample from the greater Johannesburg area. Material and Methods: The histopathological reports of 510 cases of OSCC during the period 1995-2002 were retrospectively evaluated, and the data regarding age, gender, ethnicity/race, oral site affected, and degree of histopathological differentiation were recorded and statistically analyzed for differences between black and white persons, and between persons younger and older than 40 years of age. Results: Statistically significantly, black persons were diagnosed with OSCC at a younger mean age (57 years) than white persons (61 years) (P = 0.0086). The difference between male: female (M: F) ratio in black (3.74:1) and white persons (1.96:1) was statistically significant (P = 0.0041). White persons had a significantly higher proportion of SCC of the lower lip than black persons (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: OSCC was diagnosed at a younger age in black than in white persons; the proportion of black males in the black population group was greater than that of white males in the white population group; and the proportion of SCC of the lips was higher in younger than in older persons

Osteosarcoma of the jaws: a review of literature and a case report on synchronous multicentric osteosarcomas

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In the head and neck region, osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, representing 23% of total head and neck malignancies. Osteosarcomas of the jaws are nevertheless rare lesions, representing only 2 to 10% of all osteosarcomas. This report reviews a single-center histopathology experience with craniofacial osteosarcomas, and reports the management of unusually large synchronous mandibular and maxillary osteosarcomas in a patient.</p> <p>Patients and methods</p> <p>A search of the hospital pathology database for specimens with a histological diagnosis of osteosarcomas submitted between July 1992 and May 2011 was made. A chart review of a patient with large synchronous maxillary and mandibular osteosarcomas was performed, and is reported.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 21-year-old African man with large maxillary and mandibular tumors under palliative care presented with increasing difficulties with eating, speech, and breathing. Surgical debulking was performed, with histology confirming synchronous osteosarcomas of the mandible and maxilla. The patient is well after one year, with no evidence of recurrence, having undergone no further treatment.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Osteosarcomas of the jaw remain enigmatic, and a number of difficulties related to their diagnosis and treatment are yet to be resolved. True synchronous multicentric osteosarcomas of the jaws are extremely rare but, like other osteosarcomas of the jaws, have a favorable outcome, and palliative resection of such lesions, though challenging, can therefore lead to an enormously improved quality of life and self-image, and may even offer the opportunity for cure.</p