Molecular detection and probiotic treatment for bacteria that cause diarrhea

Background: Misdiagnosis of the pathogen leads to serious consequences. Diarrhea is a worldwide health problem that kills 1.3 million people each year. Diarrhea can be induced by a variety of causes. However, infectious agents like bacteria are among the leading causes. Several resistant bacterial strains are emerging that tend to spread globally; hence, resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a global health threat. The study aimed to ascertain the Saccharomyces boulardii filter's impact on lowering the virulence of the bacterial species that cause diarrhea and the extent of genetic affinity between those organisms.Methods:  350 stool samples were investigated for all age groups who suffer from diarrhea, using biochemical and molecular methods.Results: Biochemical diagnosis were 2.28% for Salmonella and 0.57% for Enterobacter aerogenes, while  molecular diagnosis didn’t record any percentage for the mentioned bacteria, therefore molecular test was a better way to properly diagnose bacterial species, the causes of diarrhea are bacteria, viruses, parasites, medications, and toxins. The molecular identification of isolates by PCR technique and sequencing of 16S rDNA gene indicated that 12 isolates belonged to the genera Enterobacter cloacae, Cronobacter sakazakii, and Aeromonas hydrophila. The study revealed that there is a difference in the rates of resistance of isolates to some antibiotics before and after exposing them to probiotics. Where the percentage of antibiotic resistance was recorded before exposure to probiotics were piperacilline (91.6%), cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (41.6%), and tetracycline (25%), while the percentage of antibiotic resistance after exposure to probiotics were (58.3%) piperacillin, (0%) cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, and (0%) tetracycline. Where the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics decreases after exposing them to probiotics.Conclusion: The molecular diagnostic method is more accurate method to diagnose the bacterial species with complete accuracy. The Saccharomyces boulardii filter had an effective role in reducing or suppressing bacterial resistance against piperacillin, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, and tetracycline, while it did not affect the bacterial resistance towards amoxicillin clavulanic acid

The role of oxidative stress in ovarian toxicity induced by haloperidol and clozapine—a histological and biochemical study in albino rats

Oxidative stress has been implicated in reproductive toxicity induced by antipsychotics (APs). This study aims to further investigate the role of AP-induced oxidative stress in reproductive dysfunction. Thirty adult female albino rats were divided into three groups including a control group (n = 10) receiving distilled water, HAL group (n = 10) receiving haloperidol (HAL) (2 mg/kg/day), and CLZ group (n = 10) receiving clozapine (CLZ) (20 mg/kg/day). After 28 days, the rats were anesthetized, blood was withdrawn from their hearts, and ovaries were removed before they were sacrificed. Serum prolactin concentrations were measured. For each rat, one ovary was used for biochemical studies including mitochondrial complexes I and III activities and oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation, super oxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and reduced glutathione [GSH]). The other ovary was used for histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry staining for p53 and Ki-67. HAL-treated rats showed significantly (p ≤0.001) higher serum prolactin concentrations compared with other groups. HAL significantly inhibited complexes I (p ≤ 0.001) and III activities (p ≤ 0.05), while CLZ inhibited only complex I (p ≤ 0.001). Lipid peroxidation was increased by HAL (p ≤ 0.001) and CLZ (p ≤ 0.01). HAL caused significant (p ≤ 0.001) reductions in SOD, CAT, and GSH. CLZ caused a significant decrease in SOD (p ≤ 0.001) and GSH (p ≤ 0.01) with no effect on CAT. Histopathological studies of CLZ- and HAL-treated ovaries showed features suggestive of hyperprolactinemia and oxidative stress. Ki-67- and P53-immunostained sections were suggestive of disruption of cellular proliferation. These findings support the hypothesis that HAL and CLZ induce reproductive dysfunction through mechanisms involving ovarian mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress

Employing knitted fabrics characteristics in design and producing variable size children's clothing

Childhood is considered one of the most important human life stages, characterized by abundant physical & mental activities, assisting in child surrounding reactions. Due to rapid growth in this stage, it is necessary that child clothing fits his demands, providing security, functional and aesthetic purposes as well as his organic & functional requirements, hence this research aims to use knitted fabrics combined with woven fabrics achieving good functional and aesthetic characteristics of clothing as long as possible. 12 Proposal models are designed and judged by a group of field specialists, the evaluations for quality factors of proposed designs showed that all designs come in the appropriate level. The 6 designs that have got the highest evaluations from both consumers (mothers) and field specialists have been implemented, All designs were at (appropriate) level , Agreement factors of field specialists ranged between (80.95%- 100%), and probable average values ranged between (2.43- 3.0) and the arrangement of implemented designs were (design no.3, design no. 9, design no. 4, design no.10, design no.11, design no. 12) In the other hand As for the consumers have signed designs (3, 4, 9, 10, 12) at the level of (appropriate), ranging agreement factors between (89.84% - 93.33%), and probable average values ranged between ( 2.70 - 2.80) . The design (11) at the level of (almost appropriate), and reached agreement factor of (75.24%), and probable average values range of (2.26), the order of implemented designs from the consumers view were (design no. 9, design no. 3, design no. 12, designno.4, design no. 10, and design no. 11

Therapeutic effect of rupatadine against L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in rats: role of inflammation

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an abrupt inflammatory disorder causing high morbidity and mortality. As AP is an insidious medical emergency, a curative modality is required instead of a preventive measure. Thus, we investigated the possible curative effect of rupatadine on a rat model of AP. Rupatadine is a potent histamine receptor 1 (H1R) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) blockers. We used four groups of six Wistar rats as follows: the control group received vehicle, the rupatadine control group received rupatadine 6 mg/kg orally, the AP group received L-arginine intraperitoneal, and the treatment group received rupatadine at 1, 6, and 24 h after L-arginine injection. The levels of serum amylase, pancreatic oxidative parameters, and pancreatic cytokines were measured. PAF, histamine, and myeloperoxidase levels were determined in the pancreas. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed to determine nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and caspase 3 expressions. Oxidative damage and severe inflammation were detected in the pancreas of the AP group. Rupatadine reduced the oxidative damage and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, PAF, histamine, and myeloperoxidase and NF-κB and caspase 3 expressions. It restored the pancreatic acini to almost the normal condition. Rupatadine induced important anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects against L-arginine-induced AP.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Normal saline and distilled water for isolation parasites from fresh vegetables in Nassiriyah and Suq - AL- Shuyukh cities in Thi-qar province

Normal saline is often preferred to isolate parasites from vegetables and other sources but distilled water is rarely used for this purpose. So in order to know the difference between ability of normal saline and distilled water to isolate the parasites, 64 samples of six types of fresh vegetables from Nassiriyah city and also the same number and types (64 samples of six types of fresh vegetables) from Suq - AL- Shuyukh city were examined by using sedimentation method with normal saline one time and distilled water in other times. Where these vegetables types are Garden Cress, Leek, Radish, Lettuce, Celery and Basil). In addition to additional samples of the most contamination vegetable were subjected to several ways of cleaning to find out what is the best way to get rid of these parasites. Four hundred forty one of patients of hospitals in Nassiriyah and Suq - AL- Shuyukh cities who infected with parasites were re-examined to know the most existence parasites. The results showed a convergence between the proportions of some parasites isolated by normal saline and parasites isolated by distilled water where percentage of Giardia lamblia was 70.3% using normal saline and 71.9% using distilled water

Prevalence of Parasites in Fresh Vegetables from Two Regions of Thi-Qar Province, Iraq

To detect parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables and to know the extent of relationship between the prevalence of parasites on vegetables and its infection rate in the hospitals and the extent of vinegar effect (5% Acetic acid) to kill the parasites, (128) samples of six different fresh vegetable types such as Garden Cress, Leek, Radish, Lettuce, Celery and Basil. And (30) additional samples from Leek were collected from local markets of two cities in Thi-Qar province. Sedimentation technique was used for samples examination. Giardia lamblia with (71.1 %) was the dominant parasite of protozoa and Ascaris lumbricoides (15.6%) was the common parasite of helminthes therefore the significant differences were found by using the statistical analysis (T- test) in level P< 0.05. One hundred and thirteen (113) samples were contaminated with parasites, Leek and Basil with rate (100%) were full contamination with parasites while Lettuce (70%) was the lower. The direct relationship wasn’t found between percentage of parasites contamination for fresh vegetables in sale markets and percentage of intestinal parasitic infections in hospitals that near of its. There was relationship between the higher rate of prevalence G. lamblia and E. histolytica on fresh vegetables and infection of these parasites in the hospitals. No significant differences between rate of infection for male and rate of infection for female by using (T- test) in level P< 0.05. There were some parasites such as Diphyllobotherium latum, Schistosoma japonicum, Heterophyes heterophyes that are rarely or not found in Iraq were isolated from contaminated samples and this indicates to irrigation it by water contaminated with sewage or fertilization it with faces of foreign people that coming to work in Iraq and biodiversity upset and occurrence of new species did not exist in Iraq at the expense of other types. There was positive effect for vinegar (5% Acetic acid) to kill the most parasites except cysts of G. lamblia and ova of E. vermicularis

Protective Effects of Selenium in Tacrolimus-induced Lung Toxicity: Potential Role of Hemeoxygenase-1

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of selenium administration against tacrolimus (Tac) induced lung toxicity and to assess the relation between heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and these effects. The study was conducted on 36 Wistar male albino rats equally divided into 4 groups: (1) normal control, (2) Selenium (Sel 0.1mg/kg/day p.o for four weeks), (3) TAC 3mg/ml as single oral dose on 27th day (4) Tac + Sel. Lung tissues, lung homogenate, and bronchoalveolar lavage of the sacrificed animals were investigated biochemically, histopathologically, by immunohistochemistry or by PCR. Tac group showed significantly lower expression of HO-1. Administration of selenium was associated with increased HO-1 expression. Oxidative (malondialdehyde: MDA, reduced glutathione: GSH, superoxide dismutase: SOD, myeloperoxidase: MPO, glutathione peroxidase activity: GPx) and nitrosative stress (Nitric oxide: NO) markers and markers of inflammation (Interleukins: IL1β, 6 and 10) showed changes corresponding to HO-1 levels in rats groups. Tac group showed the highest expression of caspase-3. Selenium exerted protective role against tacrolimus induced lung toxicity.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Intestinal parasitic infection effect on some blood components

Objectives To know the effect of intestinal parasitic infection on the differential count of white blood cells and sex factor effect on some blood criteria. Methods The fecal samples were examined by direct and indirect methods. Blood samples were withdrawn for the testing of the differential count of white blood cells, Hb, PCV, T.WBC and numbers of eosinophils. Results The results showed that AL-Jibaish General Hospital was the highest with parasitic infection (50.4%) in comparison with other hospitals. A high percentage (30%) of Entamoeba histolytica was formed. When compared with the percentage of each parasite under study between those hospitals, Entamoeba histolytica appeared with 12% in AL-Shatra and 46.6% in AL-Jibaish. There were signifcant differences between the parasite types in the percent of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils. It ranged from increase and decrease according to parasite type. The signifcant difference appeared at the six-factor effect on the number of eosinophils was calculated by using the statistical analysis (χ2) in level P < 0.05. Conclusion E. histolytica is the most common parasite. AL-Jibaish district suffers from a lack of services. There is no effect on the sex factor on blood criteria. Each one parasite has a different effect on blood components. Keywords intestinal parasites, white blood cells, Entamoeba histolytica, haemoglobi

Event-related evoked potential versus clinical tests in assessment of subclinical cognitive impairment in chronic hepatitis C virus

Abstract Context Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus causes impairment in neurocognitive function in up to 50% of patients which may not be detected by clinical tests. Aim Early detection of neurocognitive impairment in chronic hepatitis C patients and investigating the cognitive function in HCV patient by p300 and clinical test. Materials and methods The study included 60 patients with chronic hepatitis C and 30 healthy controls. Participants were subjected to a biochemical, hematological assessment, mini-mental state examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, P300, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and fibroscan made for hepatitis C patients. Results The digit span, attention, concentration, and memory were significantly lower in patients than controls. The delayed P300 peak latency and the reduction of its amplitude were significantly evident in patients with liver fibrosis than the controls and patients without fibrosis. These abnormalities were significantly higher with increasing the grade of fibrosis. All patients with cognitive impairment (reduced mini-mental state score) had abnormal P300-evoked responses. P300 could detect neurocognitive impairment in some patients with normal neurocognitive functions by clinical test. P300 had sensitivity (100%), specificity (59.26), positive predictive value (75%), negative predictive value (100%), and accuracy (81.67) in the detection of neurocognitive impairment in HCV patient. Conclusion Patients with chronic hepatitis C infection had significant impairment in their cognitive functions. This impairment increases with the increase in grade of hepatic fibrosis. P300 can detect minimal and subclinical impairment of cognitive function at early stages of chronic hepatitis with accuracy (81.67). Trial registration PACTR on 19 march 2018 retrospectively. Identification number for the registry is PACTR201804003215168