Delamination prediction in stacked back-end structure underneath bond pads

The thermo-mechanical reliability of integrated circuits (ICs) gains importance due to the reducing feature sizes and the application of new materials. This paper focuses on the delamination in the stacked back-end structure underneath bond pads. Current simulation tools predict this failure mode following a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach; whereas an interface damage mechanics (IDM) approach would be more appropriate to our opinion. The basics of IDM by cohesive zone modeling are outlined. The cohesive zone finite element under consideration is a two-dimensional (2D) linear element for small deformations with an exponential traction separation law. A 2D plane strain model represents a simplified microstructure underneath a bond pad. Several finite element (FE) meshes are constructed with gradually decreasing mesh sizes along the interfaces. Furthermore, two cohesive zone parameter sets are considered, one for 'weak' adhesion between the material layers and one for 'strong' adhesion. The simulations with the FE models demonstrate the capability of IDM to simulate the damage evolution, where several interfacial cracks develop simultaneously. The effect of mesh refinement is illustrated. It improves the convergence of the applied nonlinear solution procedure. Furthermore, the correlation between the adhesion strength and the complexity of the equilibrium path is shown. Finally the conclusions are drawn for the current research and recommendations are given for the further development of IDM applied to delamination prediction in IC back-end structure

Early short-term treatment with neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies halts SHIV infection in infant macaques

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV remains a major objective where antenatal care is not readily accessible. We tested HIV-1-specific human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NmAbs) as a post-exposure therapy in an infant macaque model for intrapartum MTCT. One-month-old rhesus macaques were inoculated orally with the simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV SF162P3 . On days 1, 4, 7 and 10 after virus exposure, we injected animals subcutaneously with NmAbs and quantified systemic distribution of NmAbs in multiple tissues within 24 h after antibody administration. Replicating virus was found in multiple tissues by day 1 in animals that were not treated. All NmAb-treated macaques were free of virus in blood and tissues at 6 months after exposure. We detected no anti-SHIV T cell responses in blood or tissues at necropsy, and no virus emerged after CD8 + T cell depletion. These results suggest that early passive immunotherapy can eliminate early viral foci and thereby prevent the establishment of viral reservoirs

Early short-term treatment with neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies halts SHIV infection in infant macaques

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV remains a major objective where antenatal care is not readily accessible. We tested HIV-1–specific human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NmAbs) as a post-exposure therapy in an infant macaque model for intrapartum MTCT. One-month-old rhesus macaques were inoculated orally with the simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P3. On days 1, 4, 7 and 10 after virus exposure, we injected animals subcutaneously with NmAbs and quantified systemic distribution of NmAbs in multiple tissues within 24 h after antibody administration. Replicating virus was found in multiple tissues by day 1 in animals that were not treated. All NmAb-treated macaques were free of virus in blood and tissues at 6 months after exposure. We detected no anti-SHIV T cell responses in blood or tissues at necropsy, and no virus emerged after CD8+ T cell depletion. These results suggest that early passive immunotherapy can eliminate early viral foci and thereby prevent the establishment of viral reservoirs.Fil: Hessell, Ann J.. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Jaworski, Juan Pablo. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Epson, Erin. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Matsuda, Kenta. National Institutes of Health; Estados UnidosFil: Pandey, Shilpi. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Kahl, Christoph. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Reed, Jason. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Sutton, William F.. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Hammond, Katherine B.. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Cheever, Tracy A.. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Barnette, Philip T.. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Legasse, Alfred W.. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Planer, Shannon. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Stanton, Jeffrey J.. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Pegu, Amarendra. National Institutes of Health; Estados UnidosFil: Chen, Xuejun. National Institutes of Health; Estados UnidosFil: Wang, Keyun. National Institutes of Health; Estados UnidosFil: Siess, Don. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Burke, David. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Park, Byung S.. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Axthelm, Michael K. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Lewis, Anne. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Hirsch, Vanessa M.. National Institutes of Health; Estados UnidosFil: Graham, Barney S.. National Institutes of Health; Estados UnidosFil: Mascola, John R.. National Institutes of Health; Estados UnidosFil: Sacha, Jonah B.. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados UnidosFil: Haigwood, Nancy L.. Oregon Health and Science University; Estados Unido