Tarsometatarsus measurements (in mm) of some extant and extinct pelican species.

<p>Tarsometatarsus measurements (in mm) of some extant and extinct pelican species.</p

Comparison of the proximal end of the tarsometatarsus of various pelican species.

<p>A. <i>Pelecanus sivalensis</i>? (KP/KK/BS/100); B. <i>Pelecanus occidentalis californicus</i> (MVZ 66500); C. <i>Pelecanus erythrorhynchos</i> (MVZ 182793); D. <i>Pelecanus conspicillatus</i> (MVZ 143248); E. <i>Pelecanus philippensis</i> (IVPP 1031); F. <i>Pelecanus crispus</i>; G. <i>Pelecanus rufescens</i>; H. <i>Pelecanus aethiopicus</i>; I. <i>Pelecanus onocrotalus</i>. Images in F–I are redrawn from Harrison and Walker <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111210#pone.0111210-Harrison2" target="_blank">[23]</a>. The arrow in B and C indicates the plantar medial extension of the proximal end discussed in the text. The individual photographs and drawings are set to be roughly equal in width to enhance morphological differences (rather than those of size). See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111210#pone-0111210-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a> for explanation of the abbreviations.</p

Geology, stratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of the Khetpurali section, India, showing the fossil site and its approximate age.

<p>The geological map is modified from Kumar and Tandon <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111210#pone.0111210-Kumar1" target="_blank">[25]</a>. B. The Khetpurali section, its magnetostratigraphy, and its correlation with the GPTS (data from Tandon et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111210#pone.0111210-Tandon1" target="_blank">[16]</a> and Gradstein et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111210#pone.0111210-Gradstein1" target="_blank">[20]</a>).</p

Tarsometatarsus KP/KK/BS/100 tentatively referred to <i>Pelecanus sivalensis</i>.

<p>A. dorsal; B. medial; C. plantar; D. lateral; E. distal; and F. proximal views. The arrow in E indicates the concave notch in the medial side of trochlea II that is a Steganopodes (sensu Smith <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111210#pone.0111210-Smith1" target="_blank">[22]</a>) synapomorphy. The scale bar is 1 cm (with one scale bar for parts A–D and one for E–F). Abbreviations: df—distal foramen; f—small pneumatic foramen; ie—intercondylar eminence; mc—medial crest of the hypotarsus; mf—fossa for metatarsal I; mr—ridge medial to the dorsal pneumatic foramen that is part of the extensor retinaculum attachment; pf—dorsal pneumatic foramen where the proximal foramina would be in other taxa; pl—lateral plantar opening of the proximal foramen; pm—medial plantar opening of the proximal foramen; r—ridge on the medial hypotarsal crest that bounds a concave area to its medial side; tc—tendinal canal opening; tg—tendinal groove.</p

The proximal tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Anhingidae with a focus on the hypotarsus.

<p>The Siwalik Hills specimen (KP/KK/BS/101) in: (A) Medial view; (B) Dorsal view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Plantar view; and (E) Proximal view (the missing medial hypotarsal crest is marked by a dashed line). Outline of the tarsometatarsus of <i>Anhinga melanogaster</i> in: (F) Proximal view. Outline of the tarsometatarsus of <i>Anhinga anhinga</i> in: (G) Proximal view. Outline drawings redrawn from Harrison’s [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177129#pone.0177129.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>] type A and B morphologies. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: fdl–canal for the m. flexor digitorum longus tendon; fhl–canal for the m. flexor hallucis longus tendon; fp–groove for the m. flexor perforatus digiti II tendon; fpp–groove/canal for the m. flexor perforans et preforatus digiti II tendon; ie–intercotylar eminence; lc–lateral cotyle; lcl–impression for the lateral collateral ligament; lhr–lateral hypotarsal ridge (ridge bounding the groove for the m. fibularis longus tendon); mc–medial cotyle; mf–groove for the m. fibularis tendon; mhc–medial hypotarsal crest; pf–proximal vascular foramen; rr- retinacular ridges; and tc–attachment for the m. tibialis cranialis.</p

The geology, location, stratigraphy, and magnetostratigraphy of the Ketpurali section and region, northern India.

<p>The correlation of the lithostratigraphy with the magnetostratigraphy (and geochronological boundaries) is provided on the right side. The vertebrate fossil bone horizon is marked with a red star (map and stratigraphic section). The figure is modified from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177129#pone.0177129.ref004" target="_blank">4</a>].</p

Fossil and recent anhingid distal tarsometatarsi.

<p><i>Anhinga</i> sp. (VPL/RP-KPB1) from India in: (A) Medial view; (B) Dorsal View; (C) Lateral View; (D) Plantar view; and (E) Distal view. <i>Anhinga melanogaster</i> (MVZ 149268) in: (F) Distal view; (G) Dorsal view; and (H) Plantar view. Scale bars equal 1 cm. The specimens are presented at the same size, but the <i>Anhinga melanogaster</i> specimen is larger (bottom scale bar) as compared to the fossil (top scale bar). Abbreviations: abIV–groove for m. abductor digiti IV; df–distal vascular foramen; dp–deep pit on the distal face of metatarsal trochlea IV; lp–collateral ligament pit; mtI–facet for metatarsal I; tIII–metatarsal trochlea III; and tIV–metatarsal trochlea IV.</p

Distal tarsometatarsus measurements (mediolateral width) of fossil and extant anhingids (in mm).

<p>Distal tarsometatarsus measurements (mediolateral width) of fossil and extant anhingids (in mm).</p

The <i>Anhinga</i> tarsometatarsus shaft (KP/KK/BS/102) from the Khetpurali section, India.

<p>(A) Dorsal view. (B) Plantar view. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: abIV–m. abductor digiti IV groove; dif–dorsal infracotylar fossa; ehl–broad notch for the m. extensor hallucis longus; mhc–medial hypotarsal crest; and mtI–metatarsal I facet.</p

Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BackgroundRegularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels.MethodsWe applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level.FindingsIn 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0-13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00-7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8-12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1-6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0-73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0-88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0-55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0-42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0-18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0-42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0-7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0-42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0-24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0-18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5-3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5-3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57-8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97-3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01-1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7-90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2-62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3-48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7-33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8-41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8-29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4-33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6-23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6-28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4-19·0]).InterpretationThe annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation